Browsing by Author "Iyiola, O.A"

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    Anti-trypanosomal activities and biochemical changes in T. brucei infected wistar rats following oral administration of aqueous stem bark extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus and Zanthoxyllum zanthoxyloides
    (Centrepoint Journal (Science Edition), Published by University of Ilorin., 2017) Sulaiman, Adenike Faoziyat; Ahmad, Olatunde; Iyiola, O.A; Quadri, A.L; Bello, O. Kabir; Babalola, Seyi Adekunle; Tijani, Yusuf Olatunji; Ilusanmi, Abimbola V.
    The toxicological and anti-trypanosomal potentials of aqueous stem bark extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus and Zanthoxyllum zanthoxyloides in Trypanosoma brucei infected wistar rats were determined. The albino rats (30) were randomly assigned into six (A-F) groups, each of which contains five rats. Groups A (Control) and B (Negative control) received 1 ml of distilled water, groups C and D received 1ml each of the extracts, which is equivalent to 200mg/kg rat body weight of aqueous stem bark extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus and Zanthoxyllum zanthoxyloides respectively while groups E and F received 1ml each of Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) and Deferoxamine respectively as standard drugs. Parasite counts were made and recorded daily, the rats were later sacrificed under slight anesthesia, 24 hours after the last treatment (day 12). The blood samples and vital organs were collected and used for the determination of biochemical assays of interest. The level of parasitemia was reduced in the Z. zanthoxyloides treated rats as at day 8 and 9 while there was no decrease in the level of parasitemia in the P. erinaceus group when compared with the control group. In the negative control rats, a progressive increment in the parasitemia level was recorded from the 4th day till the 8th day of infection before their death on the 9th day. Also, there were progressive increment in the parasitemia levels of P. erinaceous and Z. zanthoxyloides treated rats respectively before their death on the 8th day of infection, which is also the 4th day of treatment. A gradual reduction in parasitaemia in rats treated with Z. zanthoxyloides was however initiated before their eventual death on day 10. There was a significant difference in the average body weight, aspartate transaminase (AST), protein and albumin of T. brucei infected rats treated with aqueous stem bark extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus and Zanthoxyllum zanthoxyloides when compared with the controls. The aqueous extract of P. erinaceus stem bark causes significant increase in the weight of liver while no significant difference in the weight of kidney of T. brucei infected rats was recorded with respect to the control. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the liver and heart body weight ratios while there was no significant increase in the kidney body weight ratio as compared with that of the control. Also, the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) in the serum of infected rats administered extracts of the two plants was not altered while it was significantly altered in heart. These results indicate that the two extracts caused mild alterations in the biochemical parameters studied at the studied concentrations (200mg/kg rat body weight). Of the two natural plants used, Z. zanthoxyloides is less toxic and produced the best pharmacological effect as such; it can be used in the management of trypanosomiasis more than P. erinaceus.
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    Chlorpyrifos: Toxicological effects on Clarias gariepinus and its amelioration by Blighia sapida seeds’ extract
    (International Journal of Phytofuels and Allied Sciences., 2016) Sulaiman, F.A; Iyiola, O.A; Quadri, A.L; Oyegoke, R.A; Bello, O.K; Muritala, H.F; Ahmed, O; Adisa, M.J; Tejidini, T.T; Badrudeen, O; Efuntoye, A.F
    Chlorpyrifos; CPF (O, O-diethyl O-3, 5, 6–trichloro-2-pyridyphosphorothioate) is commonly used for the control of pests and insects in agricultural fields and surrounding freshwater reservoirs. This study was carried out to find out the ameliorative potentials of Blighia sapida seeds on Clarias gariepinus exposed to chlorpyrifos. The Acute toxicity assay was to determine the 96 h Lethal Concentration (LC50) values of organophosphate pesticide, which was conducted with definitive test in a semi-static system in the laboratory using the standard methods. Range finding test was carried out prior to determination of the concentrations of the test (chlorpyrifos) solution for definitive test. The experiment was conducted in plastic containers containing 10L of non-chlorinated and aerated water. The acute study; A set of 15 fish specimen were randomly exposed to organophosphate concentrations; 1ml of stock solution was added to B1 and B2, 2ml to C1 and C2, 3ml to D1 and D2, 4ml to E1 and E2 while 5ml was added to F1 and F2. The exposure was for 7 days. For chronic study; one tenth of LC50 (0.12ml/L) = 0.012ml/L was used for Groups B-E while group A is the positive control with 0.00ml/L of Chlorpyrifos (i.e. the group was free of chlorpyrifos), Group B was made the negative control, fishes in this group, which were also exposed to 0.012ml/L chlorpyrifos, were only fed with normal fish feed i.e. no Blighia sapida seeds’ extract was added, to serve as the negative control. The exposure was for 28 days and the fishes in groups C to E were fed with feeds, formulated using Blighia sapida seed. Results obtained from this study revealed that chlorpyrifos caused considerable alterations, i.e. increase in enzymes’ activities (ALT, AST, ALP) as well as alterations in other metabolites (urea, albumin, protein and glucose) in the serum, liver and kidney of all Clarias gariepinus in the negative group which are fishes exposed to the insecticide; chlorpyrifos is suspected to have induced some tissue damages in the C. gariepinus, that may result in enzymes and metabolites leakages into the serum. Blighia sapida seeds’ extract (at 25%, 50% and 75%) reduced some of the adverse effects of chlorpyrifos in C. gariepinus exposed and it was therefore concluded to possess ameliorative effects against animals’ exposure to chlorpyrifos pesticides. Therefore, this chemical should be handled with care as usual and lots of caution must still be taken to prevent or reduce its entrance or leakage into the aquatic environment. Blighia sapida seeds’ extract is therefore recommended for use to ameliorate any possible toxic effects of chronic chlorpyrifos exposure.
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    Comparative studies of genotoxicity and anti-plasmodial activities of stem and leaf extracts of Alstonia boonei (De Wild) in malaria-infected mice
    (Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria, 2017-09) Babamale, O.A; Iyiola, O.A; Adeyemi, S.B; Sulaiman, A.F; Abdulkareem, A.O; Anifowoshe, A.T; Awe, O.D; Ajani, D; Ugbomoiko, U.S
    Drug resistance in malaria infection is a serious public health challenge. Thus, scientific search for alternative treatment measures among the local medicinal plants is exigent. We therefore investigated the anti-plasmodial efficacy and genotoxicity of the methanolic leaf and stem extracts of Alstonia plant at varying concentration (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) in mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei. The phytochemical screening of the extract revealed that leaf sample contained significantly higher secondary metabolites, except saponins (p<0.05). Anti-plasmodial activities of the two extracts were duration and dose- dependent. Stem bark extract showed higher curative potential with inhibition rate of 56.71% at 400 mg/kg whereas, leaf extract was efficient at 600mg/kg with 52.15% inhibition rate. Stem bark extract at 400 mg/kg improved the enzymatic activities of the mice; it lowered serum ALT (6.88±4.42) and increased liver ALT (41.07±5.56). Similarly, 400 mg/kg leaf extract showed highest AST (70.65±4.00) and ALT (44.65±7.83) activities in the kidney and liver respectively. Analysis of genotoxicity revealed that micronucleus and abnormal (binucleated, notched and blebbed) were prevalent among the experimental mice which increased significantly (p<0.05) at all concentrations except at 600mg/kg leaf extract. Therefore, this present study indicates that both leaf and stem bark extracts of A. boonei possess anti-plasmodial activity and are less genotoxic when compared with standard drug.
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    Comparative Toxicological study and anti-trypanosomal potentials of aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava leaf and Moringa oleifera stem bark in Trypanosoma brucei-infected wistar rats
    (Centrepoint Journal (Science Edition), Published by University of Ilorin., 2017) Sulaiman, Adenike Faoziyat; Olatunde, Ahmad; Iyiola, O.A; Oyegoke, R.A; Bello, O. Kabir; Onajobi, T. Esther; Olaniya, D. David; Dosumu, Kehinde; Akinyele, Tunde
    African Trypanosomiasis is one of the diseases threatening more than sixty million lives on daily basis. In the search for potential new drugs, the trypanocidal activity of the aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava leaf and Moringa oleifera stem barks were investigated in Trypanosoma brucei-infected rats. The albino rats (18) were randomly assigned into five (A-F) groups, each of which contains three rats. Group A (Positive control-not infected), B (Negative control-infected) groups C and D received Iml each of the extracts, which is equivalent to 200mg/kg body weight of aqueous extracts of P. guajava leaf and M. oleifera stem bark respectively while groups E and F received 1ml each of Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) and Deferoxamine respectively as standard drugs. The administration of the two extracts caused a significant alteration in the average body weight, percentage liver and kidney body weight ratios, AST, albumin and urea concentrations in the serum of T. brucei-infected rats when compared with the control rats. Moreover, the two extracts cause no significant alteration in the kidney weight, while no significant difference was recorded for ALP and ALT activities in the kidney, serum and heart of the groups. The aqueous extract of P. guajava leaf reduced the level of parasitemia with extension in lifespan, comparable to that of Deferoxamine and Inositol hexaphosphate while the aqueous stem bark extract of M. oleifera could not. This shows that the P. guajava leaf extract has anti-trypanosomal activity. Furthermore, both aqueous extracts of P. guajava leaf and M. oleifera stem bark causes mild changes in the biochemical parameters at the studied dosage (200mg/kg rat body weight). Of the two natural plants used, P. guajava leaf is less toxic and produced the best pharmacological effect as such; it can be used in the management of trypanosomiasis more than M. oleifera.
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    Genetic Damage, Biochemical and Histopathological Assessment of Mice Exposed to Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos
    (Centrepoint Journal (Science Edition), Published by University of Ilorin., 2019-03-25) Iyiola, O.A; Sulaiman, F.A; Anifowoshe, A.T; Abubakar, F.A; Akolade, J.O
    Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and Cypermethrin (CPM) are insecticides widely used in agriculture because of their effectiveness against harmful insects but their toxicity to human is of major concern. This study investigated genotoxic effect of CPF and CPM on some selected organs and tissues of albino mice. Nine (9) male mice were randomly grouped into three and were administered orally with CPF and CPM for five consecutive days and thereafter observed for 30 days. Control group was administered with 0.05ml of distilled water. CPM group was administered with 0.08ml of CPM while CPF group was administered with 0.05ml of CPF. Our results showed that there was a significant increase (p>0.05) in both ALT and AST activity in the serum and liver of both CPF and CPM groups. There was also high concentration of urea, total bilirubin in the serum of both CPF and CPM groups as well as high concentration of glucose in the brain of CPM group. There was no significant increase in the concentration of albumin in the liver of CPF and CPM. Reduction in ALP activity of the liver of both CPF and CPM groups were observed. Cypermethrin induced an increase in abnormal sperm cell shape and shows significant difference when compared to chlopyrifos and negative control. The biochemical alterations observed is consistent with histopathological changes characterized by the appearance of degenerative necrosis, congestion, inflammation and oedema in the liver and kidney of CPM and CPF groups. This study shows that these pesticides are potentially genotoxic to animals and are capable of inducing DNA damage.