Browsing by Author "Iyanda, Murtala"
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Item Characterization of Castor Biodiesel Blended with Conventional Diesel Fuels(Nigeria Institution of Agricultural Engineers, 2020) Iyanda, MurtalaCompression Ignition Engines have proved its usefulness in agriculture, transportation, and power sector. In this research, the physicochemical properties of different blends of castor biodiesel were compared with conventional diesel fuel. Samples of the castor biodiesel prepared using transesterification processwere blended with the conventional biodiesel in different mixed ratios, namely B5, B10, B15, B20, B25,B50 to B100. The physicochemical properties, including density, flash point and kinematic viscosity were determined following standard and international procedures (ASTM). Results show that the B100 has higher density, kinematic viscosity and flash point compared to the conventional diesel at 280 °C. But the calorific value was lower in comparison. A gradual decrease in the density, flash point and kinetic viscosity were observed with a decrease in the biodiesel blends from B100 to B5. This implies that the castor biodiesel can be used as a close substitute for the conventional diesel fuel and has substantial advantages, especially in area of greenhouse control and energy security.Item Design and Development of a Pedal-powered Soap Mixer(Marsland Press, Brooklyn, New York, 2010) Iyanda, MurtalaA bicycle pedal-powered soap mixer has been design and developed. The machine consists of a chain drive and gear amplification mechanisms that turns impeller blades in a large stainless steel container, where soap ingredients are stirred and blended. The machine is economically viable, can be used by unskilled workers, save time otherwise spent in traditional mixing and can be adopted for human-powered process units which could have intermittent operation without affecting the end-product. [New York Science Journal. 2010;3(1):6-9]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).Item Design and Fabrication of a Simple Pedal Operated Cassava Grater Suitable for Rural Dwellers(University of Portharcourt, 2019) Iyanda, MurtalaFood crop in Nigeria is mainly produced by farmers in the rural areas where petrol/diesel for operating engine, electricity and machines for processing agricultural produce are lacking and this usually result to loss of agricultural produce on the farm before and after harvesting. This study was embarked upon to develop a simple pedal operated cassava grater for rural dwellers. The cassava grater was fabricated using locally available materials mainly hardwood for constructing the frame, grating chamber (hopper), grating roller and the outlet. Iron rod of 20 mm in diameter (mild steel) for the shaft, three roller bearings, driven and driver pulleys, belt, bicycle pedal and galvanized sheet (2 mm in thickness) for the grating surface on the grating roller. The frame of the cassava grater was 540 mm wide, 1200 mm long and 1050 mm high and the grater is portable. The grating chamber was 420 by 440 mm at the top where the cassava is fed into the grater and 220 by 440 mm at the bottom inside which the grating roller (190 mm diameter and 300 mm long) grate the cassava into granules. The grating efficiency and capacity of the grater were 90.91% and103.7 kg/h, respectively. The cassava grater could be used for grating cassava tubers in rural areas where electricity and petrol are lackingItem Design, Fabrication and Testing of Cocoa Depodding Machine(University of Science and Technology of Southern Philipines, 2018) Iyanda, MurtalaCocoa (Theobroma cacao) is an important cash crop that serves numerous food purposes. Removing the seed from the pod, or depodding is key to its vast applications. In an attempt to ease the bottleneck in breaking the pods to release the seeds for utilization, a cocoa depodding machine was developed to efficiently depod various sizes of cocoa. Fabrication was done using locally available materials to achieve reduction in production cost, stress and drudgery attributed to the manual methods of depodding. The essential components of the depodding machine are the hopper, the depodding unit, the frame and the power unit. Its design and operation are based on the engineering properties of the cocoa pod, and the machine utilizes impact and compression mechanism for depodding actions. Machine evaluation was conducted on four levels of speed resulting from different pulley diameter ratio (219, 278, 397 and 636 rpm) in order to establish the best operating speed for the machine. The results of which were 89.29%, 87.38%, 85.25% and 80.70% respectively. The best output of the depodding machine was obtained when operated at 219 rpm speed with a throughput capacity of 469.87 kg/h, a minimum bean damage of 10.71%, and a 2 hp electric motor as the prime mover.Item Determination of Optimum Temperature and Moisture Content for Crop Germination(Nigeria Branch of International Soil Tillage Research Organization (ISTRO), 2011) Iyanda, MurtalaThe global warming due to climate change has effect on temperature and water availability which are necessary for crop germination. A study was carried out to determine the optimum temperature and moisture content required for crop germination. Maize, bean and okra were sown in containers filled with loamy sand, sandy loam and sandy clay loam. Temperatures used for the study were 5, 7, 15, 21, 25, 29, 35, 40 and 45oC while the water applied were 100, 80, 60, 40 and 20% of the field capacity. There was no germination at 5, 7 and 45oC even at 100 and 80% water application. At 15oC, germination only occurred at 100% water application and percentage germination was very low. The three crops germinated at 21oC but percentage germination of the crops were high at 25, 29 and 35oC when water applications were 100, 80, and 60% and declined at 40oC. Bean failed to germinate at 40oC and germination of the three crops was affected at 20 and 40% water applications.Item Determination of Physical Properties of Almond Seed Related to the Design of Food Processing Machines(Faculty of Physical Science and Faculty of Life Science, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2016) Iyanda, MurtalaNig. J. Pure &Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2016) ISSN 0794-0378 (C) 2016 Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of Life Sciences, Univ. of Ilorin, Nigeria www.njpas.com.ng Corresponding Author:M.O. Sunmonu3Department of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Ilorinsholams2000@yahoo.co.ukPage | 2730Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.19240/njpas.2016.A13Full Length Research Paper DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALMOND SEED RELATED TO THE DESIGN OF FOOD PROCESSING MACHINES M.O. Sunmonu,1 M.O. Iyanda,2 M.M. Odewole,3 E.O. Ajala,4 A.N. Moshood,5 and J.J. Aduba6 1,3Department of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State 2,5Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, Kwara State 4Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Kwara State 6National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM), Ilorin, Kwara State AbstractIn this study, some selected physical properties of two varieties of Almond seed (Red and White) grown in Nigeria were determined. The physical properties of Red Almond were Major Diameter (49.35±4.16mm), Intermediate Diameter (33.05±2.79mm), Minor Diameter (23.37±2.31mm), Weight (10.20±2.24g), Geometric mean diameter (33.59±2.41mm), Arithmetic mean Diameter (35.26±2.45mm), Surface Area (3564.6±524.1mm2), Sphericity (68.3±4.36%), Volume (0.5023±0.07cm3), Density (19.53±3.82g/cm3) while values of coefficient of static friction of 0.45±0.04, 0.40±0.06 and 0.52±0.06 were recorded for glass, metal and wood surface respectively in red almond. Also values of angle of internal friction of 24.12 ± 1.92, 21.93±3.00 and 27.50± 2.64 were recorded for glass, metal and wood surfaces in red almond. The properties of white Almond were: Major diameter (61.26±4.15mm), Intermediate diameter (29.61±3.05mm), Minor diameter (21.52±1.59mm), Weight (10.9±1.52g), Geometric mean diameter (33.86±2.09mm), Arithmetic mean diameter (37.47±2.13mm), Surface area (3616.10±453.7mm2), Sphericity (55.39±3.46%), Volume (0.51±0.06cm3), Density (22.33±3.48g/cm3) while values of coefficient of static friction of 0.41±0.06, 0.41±0.07 and 0.51±0.05 were recorded for glass, metal and wood surface respectively in white almond. Also values of angle of internal friction of 22.20± 2.76, 22.38 ±3.45 and 26.96± 2.23 were recorded for glass, metal and wood surfaces in white almond. Statistical test (independent t test) on the properties showed there were significant difference at 5% level between Red Almond and White Almond.These properties are also needed for analytical prediction of the drying behaviour of agricultural materials. These properties are also use to determine heat transfer in agricultural materials.Item Determination of Some Mechanical Properties of Almond Seed Related to the Design of Food Processing Machines(Faculty of Engineering and Technologu, University of Ilorin, Nigeria., 2015) Iyanda, MurtalaIn this study, some selected mechanical properties of red and white varieties of Almond seeds grown in Nigeria were determined using Testometric M500 – 100AT machine. The fracture force, compressive strength, deformation at yield for red varieties were 2679.40 ± 580.29 N, 408.70 ± 41.90 N/mm2 and 7.03 ± 0.65 mm respectively. The values obtained for the white varieties were 2843.90 ± 330.22 N, 396.20 ± 49.40 N/mm2 , and 7.27 ± 0.46 mm. The determined engineering properties are vital for the design of postharvest handling and processing systems for Almond seeds as statistical test showed that there are significant differences (at 5% level) between the engineering properties of the two seeds studied.Item Development and Performance Evaluation of a Modified Africa Bush Mango (Irvingia gabomensis) Cracker(University of Portharcourt, 2019) Iyanda, MurtalaAn African bush mango cracker was modified and fabricated to address the challenges of the conventional method of cracking nuts which involves striking the nut. The tedious nature of this process constitutes a major setback which restricts the production to a very small scale. The cracker consists of a frame, cracking table, slider– crank mechanism, hopper, feed chute, slot, cracking unit electric motor and reduction gear. The machine was evaluated with respect to throughput capacity and cracking efficiency at five moisture content levels (13, 15, 17, 20 and 25%) moisture content (MC) dry basis. At 13% MC; the output capacity was 7.13 kg/hr and cracking efficiency was 98% while at 15% MC; the output capacity and cracking efficiency reduced to 7.04 kg/hr and 96% respectively. Similarly, at 17% MC; output capacity and cracking efficiency further reduced to 7.02 kg/hr and 95% respectively while at 20% MC; the output capacity and cracking efficiency were reduced to 6.74 kg/hr and 93% respectively. There was a similar trend when the test was performed at 25% MC, as the output capacity and cracking efficiency showed a further reduction to 6.50 kg/hr and 90% respectively. These results were different from the old cracker that had throughput capacity and cracking efficiency of 4.32 kg/hr and 70% respectively. A significant trend was established which showed that as the moisture content of the nuts decreases, machine performance increases. Based on these results, drudgery and other hazards associated with manual cracking of the African bush mango are eliminated, the machine saves time and made processing of the seeds easier. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/Item Development and Preliminary Evaluation of Jatropha Curcas Fruit Decorticator(Nigeria Institution of Agricultural Engineers, 2020) Iyanda, MurtalaThe local ways of decorticating Jatropha Curcas fruits using mortar and pestle or by cracking with hand is time consuming, unhygienic, labour intensive and grossly inadequate to meet the present demand of Jatropha seeds processing and other value-added products in the country as the oil from the seeds can serve as alternative fuel for diesel engines. To overcome these challenges, variables that influence this very important decorticating process require proper attention. A Jatropha Curcas fruit decorticator was designed and it consists of feed hopper, threshing unit, frame, bearings, and shell outlets. The design of the machine was based on the selected engineering properties of Jatropha fruits and all materials used for the construction were sourced locally. The machine was evaluated for its performance and data obtained from the test were analyzed statistically with software SPSS 18 using a 3×3 factorial experiment in a Completely Randomized Design. The results showed that the highest decorticating and cleaning efficiencies were 93.9 % and 98.4 % respectively while the highest percentage seed loss and mechanical damage index were 12.5 % and 6.3 % respectively. The study also revealed that the decorticating efficiency, cleaning efficiency, seed loss and mechanical damage index increased with increase in decorticating speed. This machine could make large scale production of biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas achievable.Item Development of a Batch Type Bio-Digester(EUROPIAN SOciety of Agricultural Engineers, Zurich, Switzerland, 2014) Iyanda, MurtalaA bio-digester was designed, constructed and tested for the production of biogas. The digester was designed and constructed using a 32 liter – digester tank, an 18.5 liter water displacement tank and a 20liter temporary storage tank of 16 liter. Biogas was produced by charging the slurry into the digester through the inlet channel and then closing the inlet channel and a hose was used to connect the digester and the water displacement tank which was already filled with water to the bream, a second hose was also used to connect the water displacement tank to the temporary storage tank were the displaced water is channeled to and the volume of water displaced was measured and recorded daily for the two type of slurry. A digital thermometer was used to take the ambient temperature of the digester. The digester was tested with two types of slurry that is made up of poultry litters and water at the ratio of 1: 4 and 1: 2, one poultry litter was mixed with water in the ratio of five liter to twenty liters respectively and the other in the ratio of five liters to ten liters. On the first and second day after loading there was no significant production of gas. The third day a gas production of 1.53ml was noted and the volume continued to increase until the eight day with 7.52ml and the reduction continued from 7.34, 7.09, and 6.41 on the 9th, 10th, 11th day respectively. However with the reduction observed on the 8th day in which the average temperature was 33oC. The reduction in the volume of gas can be linked to the decrease in the amount of organic matter present in the slurry. The volume of the slurry retained in the digester tank was about nineteen liters which means that about five liters of slurry were converted to biogas. Change in the color of slurry evacuated was noticed with non offensive odour. From the result it can be deduced that the concentration of the slurry is directly proportional to the rate of gas production and also the ambient temperature of the digester is directly proportional to the production of biogas.Item Development of a Biomass Gasifier Stove(Nigeria Institution of Agricultural Engineers, 2014) Iyanda, MurtalaThe use of biomass in our local and primitive stove (three stone stove) has a negative impact on the health of household members especially women and children that are mostly exposed to the pollutants produced by this stove. Biomass combustion provides basic energy requirements for cooking and heating of rural households and for processes in a variety of traditional industries in the developing countries. A study was conducted to develop a biomass gasifier stove using locally available materials like mild steel, clay and wood to save the cost of production. It converts biomass fuel into a combustible wood gas or producer gas that is directly burn to produce luminous blue flame. The power supply unit is a rechargeable battery which provides 25.9KJ of energy to drive the fan assembly unit and forces air through the fuel column in the reactor. The performance of the stove was determined using water boiling test. The results show that the specific gasification rate (SGR), fuel consumption rate (FCR), combustion zone rate( CZR), percentage char produced, input power and output power to be 186.19kh/m2hr, 5.85kg/hr, 0.67cm/m, 13%, 130kW and 29069.24kW respectivelyItem Development of Moringa Oleifera Seed Shelling Machine(Trans Tech Publication Ltd., Switzerland, 2020) Iyanda, MurtalaThe rising awareness of the importance of moringa seeds has geared interest in its mass production. A major step in making the seed available for it vast usage is shelling. Most rural farmers of moringa seed use the traditional methods of shelling. These methods are tedious, time consuming with attendance low outputs that produce unhygienic products. The need to develop appropriate machines and equipment for processing of moringa seeds become necessary. This work developed a moringa seed shelling machine using available local materials. The development of the shelling machine was based on engineering mechanics of impact and shearing forces. The machine consists of a hopper, shelling unit, shafts, cleaning unit, sieve, discharge unit, power transmission unit and frame. The machine was evaluated based on variation in speed and feedrate to obtain the shelling efficiency, throughput capacity and percentage seed damage at 14% (d.b) moisture content powered by a 0.75 kW electric motor. The results obtained show that the machine has the highest shelling efficiency of 72.72% at 60 g/min feedrate with a throughput capacity of 8.31 kg/hr and the minimum percentage seed breakage of 2.22%. Machine speed of 250 rpm favoured the smooth operation and performance of the machine. The machine is very useful for rural people, farmers and small scale industries for post-harvest processing of moringa seeds since it cost and operational principle is within their technical know-how and capability.Item Economics of Tractorization for Tillage Operations in Agricultural Productions: Case Study of Kwara, Oyo, Kogi, and Niger States.(Nigeria Institution of Agricultural Engineers, 2011) Iyanda, MurtalaA field survey was conducted to determine the appropriateness of the existing tractors in agricultural production in Nigeria in the following locations: Kwara, Oyo, Kogi and Niger states. Results indicate that the average size of the tractors in use is74.44 hp (55.5 kW) on an average of 156 ha of arable crops per annum with an average of 0.67 hp/ha (0.5 kW/ha) as power input per hectare. Results also revealed that no small sized tractors are currently in use, an indication that the tractors of 45 hp (33.5 kW) and less are fast disappearing from Nigeria agricultural productions. Contrary to expectations, heavy tractors of more than 86 hp (63.3 kW) are gradually becoming popular. The result also indicates that the tractors were used for average of 523.51 hours annually. The results indicated that the tractors have low annual usage, with high overhead costs. Study also showed that only tillage and haulage operations are tractorized.Item Effect of Processing Parameters on Solvent Oil Expression from Loofah Seeds (Luffa Cylindrical) Using Response Surface Methodology(Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, 2019) Iyanda, MurtalaLuffah cylindrica plant grows in the wild, around uncompleted buildings and fenced walls. The percentage oil composition of its seeds is about 30% oil. The research focused was the extraction oil from loofah seed using a solvent extraction methodology. Optimum conditions for oil extraction were determined using Response Surface Methodology of Central Composite Rotatable Design. A total of 20 experimental runs were used to investigate the optimum condition considering three independent variables at five levels each: extraction temperature (55, 60, 65, 60, 75ºC), seed/solvent ratio (0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08 g/ml) and extraction time (4, 5, 6, 7, 8 hr.). An empirical model equation that could be used to forecast oil yield as a function of the independent variables was developed. The optimum oil yield obtained was 27.43% at the extraction temperature (74.05ºC), seed/solvent ratio (0.05 g/ml) and extraction time (5.35hr). The analysis of variance showed that extraction temperature and time had significant effect on oil yield (p = 0.05). The interaction of the independent variables with oil yield gave R2 and R2 adj. values of 0.98 and 0.93, respectively. The result showed that the selected independent variables had a significant effect on oil yield, thus an optimum condition was established.Item Interface for Modeling the Power Output of a Small Wind Turbine(India Society for Education and Environment, 2009-05) Iyanda, MurtalaWind power is one of the world’s fastest growing energy sources. A program was developed using Visual Basic 6.0 to model a small wind turbine drive train and power output before it is being fabricated, deployed and tested.Item Relative Effectiveness of Biogas Production Using Poutry Droppings & Swine Dung(Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, 2014) Iyanda, MurtalaCow dung, poultry droppings and swine dung usually constitute refuse causing environmental pollution in Nigeria where these animals are reared. A study was conducted on the effectiveness of biogas production using poultry droppings and swine dung. The poultry droppings, swine dung and water were mixed in different ratios of 3:1:8 as sample A, 1:1:4 as sample B and 1:3:8 as sample C. The study was carried out using Completely Randomised Design replicated two times. Six biogas digesters of the same size were used and each sample was loaded into the digester which was monitored for 13 days. The production of the biogas from the three samples started on the 6th day at temperatures between 20oC and 40oC and the volume produced daily was measured by displacement method. Samples B and C attained peak production on the 11th day but sample A attained peak production on the 12th day. Average biogas total volume production for samples A, B and C were 429.75 ml, 440.3 ml and 467.2 ml respectively. The mean volumes of biogas produced from the three digesters were significantly different from one another. Thus Digester C with the highest swine dung composition (1:3:8) was found to be more effective for producing biogas than poultry droppings (3:1:8).Item Strength and Micro-Structural Properties of Wood Chips Composite Panel(Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria, 2020) Iyanda, MurtalaGlobal warming primarily due to deforestation has led to the development of new materials to substitute felling of trees by wood-based industries. The utilisation of wood chips and cassava starch for the production of particle board was the thrust of this research. The chip sizes of 0.85 and 1.7 mm, dosage and types of binders (cassava starch, urea formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde modified cassava starch) were the variables. The ratio of wood chips to the binders was 1.0:1.5. Theboards were formed in rectangular moulds. Water absorption, thickness swelling, flexural tests and material characterisation (using scanning electron microscope (SEM)) were carried out. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance. The result obtained was subjected to analysis of variance. The particleboards produced with modified cassava starch had the best mechanical properties with the modulus of elasticity (MOE) ranging from 5.90 to 32.32 N/mm2but had a higher thickness swelling values ranging from 3 to 59.37%. There was a significant difference (p<0.01) between the boards manufactured using plain starch and modified starch. These tests results have shown that wood chips, plain cassava starch and modified cassava starch are sources of raw materials in the production of particleboard. The developed particleboard can be used for paneling, partitioning and ceilings.