Browsing by Author "Ghazali, Y. O."

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    Antimicrobial screening of Vernonia amygdalina and Calotropis procera Methanol Leaf Extracts
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice (Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin), 2016) Kola-Mustapha, A. T.; Ghazali, Y. O.; Iranloye, T. A.
    Herbal therapies and medicinal plants are fast growing in relevance in most societies around the world today due to their availability, relative safety and efficacy against numerous disease conditions. Vernonia amygdalina and Calotropis procera were investigated for their antimicrobial activities singly and in combination to determine their actions against skin infections. A sensitivity test was conducted for the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton rubrum. The extracts were tested individually and in combination at 0: 100, 25: 75, 50: 50, 75: 25 and 100: 0 Vernonia: Calotropis (V: C) ratios against the five organisms. Antimicrobial activities were determined via the agar diffusion method. Griseofulvin was used as the positive control against the fungal organisms while Augmentin/Clavulanate was used as control for the bacterial organisms. Results of sensitivity test showed that all the organisms were sensitive to each of the extracts at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. The extracts gave zones of inhibition ranging from 5.00 ± 1.24 to 30.00 ± 0.00 mm across the test organisms with the 75: 25 V: C combination yielding the highest zones across all the organisms and the Vernonia amygdalina only extract ranking second. This implies that the extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Calotropis procera used in combination results in a broad spectrum and increased intensity of activity as compared to when the extracts are used individually in what can be described as a ‘synergistic herb-herb’ interaction. This combination holds a great promise in the treatment of skin infections and exhibit potentials for topical pharmaceutical dosage formulations.
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    The Formulation and Evaluation of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel and Cymbopogon flexuosus Linn Essential Oils Emulgel for the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.
    (MDPI: Gels, 2023-12-03) Kola-Mustapha, A. T.,; Aliu, M. H.,; Bello, R. H.,; Adedeji, O. J., and; Ghazali, Y. O.
    The global concern regarding the occurrence of antifungal resistance to synthetic conventional azoles used for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis, along with the associated side effects, is significant. Consequently, the pursuit for substitutes such as natural therapies has ensued. Essential oils, derived from plants, have been extensively researched and found to possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. This study aimed to assess the antifungal efficacy of two essential oils, both alone and in combination, against Candida albicans. Essential oils were formulated into an emulgel separately and as combinations. The essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia and Cymbopogon flexuosus were used in this study. The resulting emulgel formulations were characterized for their antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Physiochemical properties such as pH, viscosity, and appearance were also determined. The prepared emulgels were thereafter observed for stability over a period of 1 month. The MIC of Melaleuca alternifolia was seen to be 50 µL/mL while Cymbopogon flexuous was seen to be more potent at 25 µL/mL against C. albicans exhibiting strong synergistic effect at 0.4. The emulgel formed was white in color, smooth on skin, and had the odor of the essential oils, which is sweet to the nose. The pH of the formulations with the essential oils were acidic in the range of 3.70–3.83, making them suitable for vagina application. The emulgels had viscosities ranging from 4417.6 to 8968.7 mPas, owing to the thickness of the essential oils contained. The emulgel formulation with the combination of essential oils was more potent that the two with individual essential oils; furthermore, the one with Cymbopogon flexuous was more potent than the one with Melaleuca alternifolia. Based on the properties of the formulated emulgels and their activity against the test organism, the preparations have significant potential in the management of vulvovaginal candidiasis.