Browsing by Author "Garba, S.N."
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Item An Assessment of Stress amongst Nurses in Zaria Metropolis, Northwest Nigeria(West African College of Nursing, 2014) Anyebe, E.E.; Garba, S.N.; Ukut, C.I.; Lawal, H.Nursing is one of the most stressful occupations in the world. However, many nurses especially in Nigeria do not have an idea of how much stress they and how it affects their professional functioning. This study was undertaken to measure to the level of stress amongst nurses working at different tiers of hospital settings in Zaria, and to determine the sociodemographic attributes of the nurses in relation their level of stress. Two hundred and seventy-three (273) from three hospitals were selected through a combination of stratified and convenience methods from a Federal, State and a Faith-based hospital. The Kinzel’s Scale for measuring stress in Clinical Nurses was adopted for data collection and data were analysed using SPSS version 17. findings indicated that most (87.2%) nurses in Zaria are experiencing between high and extreme stress levels in their workplaces; levels that are theoretically incompatible with normal functioning. Manpower shortages and lack of equipment to carry out effective nursing care in government hospitals and poor inducements in faith-based health facilities appear to be the major stressors for nurses. Suggestions are made for urgent stress management interventions for nurses by all categories of health administrators, nurse leaders and educators to improve the quality of nursing care and to save nurses from the effects of high stress levelsItem Barriers to the provision of community-based mental health services at primary healthcare level in northern Nigeria – A mixed methods study; International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences;(Elsevier Publisher: International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 2021-11-02) Anyebe, E.E.; Olisah, V.O.; Garba, S.N.; Murtala, H.H.; Danjuma, A.This study examined the barriers associated with the level of community-based mental health services in three selected States in northern Nigeria. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from a convenient sample of 191 primary healthcare (PHC) service providers and a purposive sample of 13 primary healthcare system administrators and managers at both State and Local government levels through a WHO/WFMH 10-factor questionnaire and literature-derived guide for in-depth interviews (IDIs). Quantitative data analysis was un dertaken using simple descriptive measures (with the use of IBM Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 23.0) while the qualitative data was thematically analysed to complement the quantitative data. Results show that in all the study States, poor funding, lack of skilled mental health human resource and inadequate training of available personnel were identified as the major barriers to provision of mental health services at the community level. Socio-cultural factors such as community rejection of the services, stigma and misconceptions were re ported as second-grade barriers. It is concluded that PHC administrators, coordinators and service providers agree that fallouts of policy failure and lack of political will at Federal, State and Local government levels and socio-cultural dynamics constitute barriers to community based mental health services. Efforts towards improving the provision of these services need to focus more on healthcare policy issues and political machinery of the governments while motivating available service providers to increase community psycho-education in their respective centres and host communities. This should be done as short-, medium- and long-term measures.Item Health Education Intervention on Knowledge and Accessibility of Pregnant Women to antenatal Care Services in Edu Kwara State, Nigeria; International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences; Vol. 6(2); 154–160,(Women's Reproductive Health Research Centre: International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences, 2017-10-02) Umar N.J.; Garba, S.N.; Olusegun, B.; Anyebe, E.E.; Aliyu, U.; Abdukadir K.Objectives: Poor knowledge about importance of early antenatal care visit and awareness on health risk during pregnancy among pregnant women prevented them from accessing early antenatal care services. This study examined the impact of health education intervention (HEI) on access to antenatal care services by pregnant women in Edu Local Government Area (LGA), Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental research employing pre-test and post-test control group design was adopted. A researchers-designed questionnaire was used for data collection and the split-half test of reliability was used to determine its reliability. One hundred and twenty pregnant women were exposed to 10 weeks of HEI after pre-test, 60 experimental groups were exposed to the lectures on antenatal care services, and 60 control groups were exposed to HIV/AIDS sessions, followed by post-test. The descriptive statistics was used to answer research questions, while the inferential statistics of t-test was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 significance level. Results: This study showed upward shift from pre-intervention mean of 71.08 to 93.33 post intervention mean in the experimental groups which implied the positive impact of HEI on the knowledge and willingness of pregnant women to access antenatal care services in Edu LGA. Conclusions: It was concluded that HEI could have positive impact on the knowledge and willingness of pregnant women to access antenatal care services, hence HEI needs to be sustained to improve the pregnant women’s health-seeking behaviors about antenatal care services in Edu LGA.Item Pregnant Women’s Knowledge and Awareness of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV/AIDS and Voluntary Counselling and Confidential Testing (VCCT) Uptake in selected Health Centres in Zaria, Nigeria.(Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria, 2011-04) Anyebe, E.E.; Whiskey, H.O.; Ajayi, D.A.; Garba, S.N.; Ochigbo, C.E.; Lawal, H.The most common route of HIV transmission to children is the vertical transmission. However, many antenatal clinic clients are said to have inadequate knowledge of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and voluntary testing. The study was conducted in Sabon Gari, Zaria to determine the knowledge and awareness of pregnant women about the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV and voluntary counseling and confidential testing (VCCT). A convenience sample of 120 antenatal clients in three randomly selected health centres was used. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Findings showed a relatively lower level of knowledge (82.5%) of PMTCT of HIV /AIDS, a high awareness (93.5%) and uptake (58.3%) of VCCT among pregnant women. Those who did not do the test (41.7%) gave various reasons for their refusal, ranging from spouse disapproval to socio-cultural and psychological factors. Many of them however were aware of many advantages of VCCT and interventions for pregnant women who are found to be HIV positive. Antenatal talks and electronic mass media were their main sources of information. It is recommended that health programmes focus more on community clients and their spouses. Mass media workers should be appropriately equipped in the view of the roles they would have to play in health information dissemination.Item Self-Care Practices among Nurses in a General Hospital in North-Central Nigeria: A descriptive Exploratory Study(National Association of Nigeria Nurses and Midwives (NANNM): Nigerian Journal of Nursing, 2022) Anyebe, E.E.; Garba, S.N.; Olubiyi, S.K.; Jibril, U.N.; Aluko, J.O.; Awoniyi, D.O.Introduction: Self-care is a vital component of nursing practice and is essential for the well-being of human beings, especially among patients and nurses. However, nurses and nursing students tend to focus more on the care of their patients and often pay little or no attention to personal self-care. Aim/objectives: This study was therefore carried out to assess the self care practices among nurses in a General Hospital in North-central Nigeria. Materials and methods: A descriptive research study design was adopted and a self-constructed questionnaire was used to collect data from a convenient sample of 111 nurses. Data was analyzed descriptively and inferentially, using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Results: Study participants are predominantly young females of the Yoruba ethnic extraction. The study shows that a relatively good level of physical self-care practice mainly in areas of diet, (fruits, fluid intake), exercise and good sleep; however,workload always or often hinders how well nurses are able to take care of themselves in about half of the nurses. Mental and spiritual self-care practices are found to have predominance of social, religious and spiritual activities, with slightly over half (50.9%) of them resorting more to prayers and meditations as forms of self-care. Conclusion: The study shows a positive self care practices in areas of physical, mental, and spiritual care practices, with a rather a more neutral social self-care. The religious/spiritual predominance of self-care practices may reflect some societal realities of Nigeria as a once acclaimed “most religious countries on earth.” More in-depth studies are needed, with larger samples in various settings, to properly situate the levels and varieties of nurses’ self-care in Nigeria.Item The Current Status of Mental Health Services at the Primary Healthcare Level in Northern Nigeria. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. 40(5):1-9(Springer: Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 2019) Anyebe, E.E.; Olisah, V.O.; Garba, S.N.; Amedu, M.Mental health services at the primary healthcare level remain critical in most developing countries, especially in resource poor and crisis-stricken communities. This study explored the erstwhile mental health services, with particular reference to their availability, at the 47 primary healthcare centres in three selected states in northern Nigeria, with a view to drawing for action. Qualitative data were collected from a purposive sample of 13 participants through in-depth interviews. Additional data were also collected from observations during the visits (a checklist based on minimum standards for primary healthcare services) and clinic records at the centres. The data were analysed using content analysis and thematic clustering to indicate the status of the mental health services at the primary healthcare centres. Despite having the mental health units on the ser vice delivery charts of the primary healthcare centres studied, none was providing any formal mental health services. There were only few but uncoordinated services in some centres essentially provided by individual primary healthcare service providers and a non-governmental organization found in one of the 47 primary healthcare centres in one of the three states investigated. In conclusion, mental health services at all primary healthcare centres in all the Local Government Areas in all the states visited are at best scarce, poorly and haphazardly rendered in a few places or completely absent in most centres. There is an urgent need to stimulate the primary healthcare system and other levels of government and their partners, to initiate or activate policies in favour of community-based mental health services to make these important services available at the community (primary healthcare) level for the promotion of mental health and treatment of mental illnesses.Item The Role of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Community-based Mental Health Services in Northern Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges; Texila International Journal of Public Health; 9(4):1-14(Texila International Journal of Public Health; Texila American University., 2021) Anyebe, E.E.; Abubakar, F.U.; Garba, S.N.; Murtala, H.H.; Igbinlade, A.S.Despite the role of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in many health issues, their role in community mental health services in parts of northern Nigeria is unknown. This study explored the availability and role of NGOs in community-mental health care services, with a view to identifying the prospects and challenges. Using the convergent mixed methods approach, a self-constructed questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used to collect data from 205 conveniently and purposively selected study participants. Descriptive and thematic analyses were done and then triangulated to meet research objectives. There is a scarcity of mental health-related NGOs in the study areas; only one NGO engaged in the mental health activities was identified (13.4%). Surprisingly attempts by the only available NGO at providing the needed community-based mental health care were “frustrated” by certain government policy directions, which appear to paralyse activities and intentions of the only existing one. NGOs for mental health care are lacking. There is a dire need for NGO activities in mental health care. Efforts should be made to attract NGOs to the study areas in view of the increasing burden of mental health issues in the communities in the setting. Governments at all levels, community-based organisations and traditional institutions can be instrumental to this. NGOs within and outside the study areas focusing on community health in general and mental health care, in particular, may also interrogate this situation further for urgent intervention.Item The Social and Clinical Correlates of Typhoid Fever Infection in Zaria, Northern Nigeria(University of South Africa: African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 2008) Anyebe, E.E.; Obiako, O.R.; Opaluwa, S.A.; Ajayi, D.A.; Garba, S.N.; Alhassan, E.The study was carried out to assess the socio-demographic and clinical variables in typhoid infection in Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Such parameters as age, sex, occupation and places of residence as well as the prescription pattern for typhoid treatment were evaluated. This retrospective, non experimental study involved the collection of case records (files) of patients admitted in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria for typhoid fever for a five-year period. Retrieval of the data was done manually. A total of 118 cases were analyzed, some of the records required for analysis were missing, and were excluded. Most of the typhoid infections studied (66.5%) occurred during the rainy season in Zaria (May – November) with 40.7% of cases at the beginning of the rainy season (May/June). More females (55.3%), of all age and occupational groups were affected with higher incidences in young adults and students. Most of the patients (66.5%) were urban dwellers and the incidence between patients using well water and tap water was similar. Ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics; chloramphenicol use is still relatively common despite the 12.4% mortality and 28% relapse rate recorded. The findings of this study highlight the public health and social services challenges of typhoid infection in the Zaria metropolis. Communities, health authorities and governments should therefore focus more attention on preventive measures in view of the high costs of these newer antibiotics which now form the core of treatment of typhoid fever. Most patients will find this treatment modality unaffordable, taking into cognizance the socio economic environment of Zaria.Item Utilization of Health Posters and Referral System for Mental Health in Primary Health Centres in Northern Nigeria(College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin., 2019-04) Anyebe, E.E.; Garba, S.N.; Afolayan, J.A.; Umar, J.N.; Lawal, H.Posters are recognized effective small media materials used in passing health education to clients in the health care settings. Disseminating mental health information through such a medium should be an indispensible component of Primary Healthcare (PHC) services, just as the two-way referral also forms an important part of it.This study explored the extent to which mental health posters are provided at the PHC centres as a means of mental health education to clients, with a view to calling for attention its design and display. The study also examines the referral services for mental health clients at PHC centres. This study is part of a larger study. Qualitative research method was adopted for this study. Data were collected from a purposive sample of 28 participants between December2014 and June 2015 in 47 PHC centres in three selected States in northern Nigeria. Data were collected through In-depth interviews and physical observations of all health education posters displayed at the PHC centres. Results show that PHC centres had various kinds of health information posters but none on mental health. However, only two PHC centres had mental health-related posters provided by NGOs. PHC service providers were equally ignorant of the need for mental health posters while authorities concerned seemed not interested in mental health issues. Referral services for mental health were virtually non-existent in all the States covered by the study. The consequences of these are misconceptions, stigmatization, increasing prevalence of avoidance of mental health disorders and poor inter-level service delivery. PHC coordinators, stakeholders and relevant Agencies need to provide these services at the community level for the promotion of mental health and treatment of mental health challenges.