Browsing by Author "Femi J. Fawole"

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    Dietary lysine requirement of greater amberjack juvenile ( Seriola dumerili , Risso, 1810)
    (Hindawi Limited, 2021-09-08) Yannis Kotzamanis; Femi J. Fawole; Andreas Brezas; Vikas Kumar; Ramon Fontanillas; Efthimia Antonopoulou; Emmanouil Kouroupakis; Vassiliki Ilia
    An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary lysine requirement of greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili. Six experimental diets resulting from a practical basal formulation were produced to containing mainly plant ingredients (25% fish meal) were supplied with graded levels of crystalline L-lysine-HCl and the analysed lysine concentration in each diet was found to be 1.93 (basal diet; CL1.93), 2.01 (CL2.01), 2.11 (CL2.11), 2.15 (CL2.15), 2.20 (CL2.20) and 2.29 (CL2.29) g/100 g diet respectively. Seriola dumerili of 32.8 g ± 3.0 (mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to 18 experimental small cages, and each was stocked with 25 fish per cage in triplicates. The fish were hand-fed with the experimental diets twice daily (09:00 h and 15:00 h) to apparent satiation, 6 days a week for 56 days. No significant differences were observed in weight gain (WG), daily growth index (DGI), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) among the dietary groups. However, the pairwise linear regression of WG showed that the dietary lysine requirement of greater amberjack juvenile is 2.11% of the diet. The activity of catalase enzyme among the dietary treatments differed significantly (p < .05) in both the liver and intestine. Similar results were found for the heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90) with a tissue-specific response. Based on the results obtained, the dietary lysine requirements that can support maximum WG and PER of greater amberjack juvenile were found to be between 2.03% and 2.11% of the diet (4.55%–4.73% of dietary protein).
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    Dietary supplementation of autolysed yeast enhances growth, liver functionality and intestinal morphology in African catfish
    (Hindawi Limited, 2020-01-23) Ayodeji A. Adeoye; Sam O. Obasa; Femi J. Fawole; Alex H. L. Wan; Simon J. Davies
    A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of dietary supplementation of autolysed brewer's yeast (AY) on African catfish. The catfish (22.5 ± 1.15 g/fish, 20 fish 33 L/tank) were fed with either of diets (390 g/kg crude protein, 140 g/kg lipid) supplemented with 0, 3, 6 or 10 g/kg AY (n = 3). After 49 days of feeding, the final body weight and metabolic growth rate of the catfish fed 3 g/kg AY (3-AY) diet were higher than those fed the control diet (p < .05). The lowest level (p < .05) of alanine transaminase was detected in the blood of the catfish fed 3-AY diet. The mid-intestinal histology of the catfish revealed no significant difference (p > .05) in intestinal perimeter ratio. However, an elevated (p < .05) abundance of goblet cells and intraepithelial leucocytes were found in the intestine of catfish fed 3, 6 and 10 g/ kg AY diets, with the highest level of abundance recorded in the mid-intestine of the catfish fed 3-AY diet. The results suggest that dietary 3 g/kg autolysed brewer's yeast supplementation improves growth performance of African catfish without deleterious effect on liver functionality and gut morphology.
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    Effect of Dietary Polyherbal Mixture on Growth Performance, Haemato-Immunological Indices, Antioxidant Responses, and Intestinal Morphometry of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus
    (Hindawi Limited, 2022-05-14) Femi J. Fawole; Rihanat O. Yisa; Oluwole O. Jayeoba; Ibrahim Adeshina; Akeem O. Ahmed; Benjamin O. Emikpe; Erchao Li
    A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the dietary effect of Nigeria polyherbal mixture (PHB) on growth, haematoimmune parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, and intestinal morphometry of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Four diets were formulated with PHB powder at inclusion of 0g/kg (control), 0.5g/kg (PHB 0.5), 1.0g/kg (PHB 1.0), and 2.0g/kg (PHB 2.0) and fed to African catfish (6:32±0:02g/fish, 15 fish/50L tank) in triplicates. Fish fed PHB 2.0 recorded higher final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate (p <0:05) compared to the control. There were no statistical differences (p >0:05) in feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio among the dietary groups. The haematological profile indicates that the f ish fed PHB-1.0 had higher Hb, RBCs count, and Hct, and blood performance (p<0:05) compared to the control. ALT levels were found higher in the control and the lowest values recorded in PHB groups (p<0:05); however, AST did not differ significantly among the groups (p >0:05). The highest heterophil counts and respiratory burst activity were recorded in PHB1.0 and PHB-0.5 and PHB-2.0, respectively, while a numerically improved total immunoglobulin value was recorded in PHB0.5 compared to the control (p>0:05). Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase had a significant improvement in fish fed PHB-based diet compared to the control (p<0:05), while glutathione peroxidase showed no statistical differences between the groups (p >0:05). Intestinal morphometric measurements showed that the fish fed PHB-1.0 had the highest villus height, area of absorption, and villus height/cryptal depth ratio compared to the control. Muscle thickness increased (p <0:05) with increasing PHB level with the highest value recorded PHB-2.0. In conclusion, dietary PHB could improve growth, blood profile, immunity, antioxidant enzyme capacity, and intestinal morphometry of African catfish without any significant alteration in the liver function enzymes.
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    Effect of dietaryHouttuynia cordataleaf meal and leaf extract on the growth performance, nutrient utilization and expression of IGF‐I gene inLabeo rohita
    (Hindawi Limited, 2019-02-11) Chetan K. Garg; Narottam P. Sahu; N. Shamna; Ashutosh D. Deo; Femi J. Fawole; Sarvendra Kumar; Manas K. Maiti
    A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding Houttuynia cordata leaf meal and extract on the growth performance, nutrient utilization and expression of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Two hundred seventy fingerlings were randomly distributed in six experimental groups in triplicates. Six isonitrogenous (350 g/kg CP) and isocaloric (17 MJ/kg DE) diets were prepared with graded levels of leaf meal (LM) and leaf extract (LE), namely C (control, without LE and LM), LE‐0.25 (2.5 g/kg LE), LE‐0.5 (5 g/kg LE), LE‐1.0 (10 g/kg LE), LM‐1.0 (10 g/kg LM) and LM‐2.0 (20 g/kg LM). Significantly (p < 0.05) higher IGF‐I expression, weight gain %, specific growth rate and lower feed conversion ratio were observed in LM‐1.0 followed by LE‐1.0 group compared to control group. Higher protease activity was observed in LE‐1.0 compared to other experimental groups, while no significant changes were found for amylase and lipase activities. Compared to control, muscle alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were significantly higher in treatment groups except for LM‐2.0. These results suggest that either LE‐1.0 or LM‐1.0 can be supplemented in the diet to improve the growth of L. rohita. However, the supplementation of 10 g H. cordata leaf meal/kg feed can be the better option considering the cost of extraction.
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    Effects of Dietary Detoxified Jatropha curcas Protein Isolate on Some Physiological Parameters, Intestine, and Liver Morphology of Labeo rohita Fingerlings
    (Central Fisheries Research Institute (SUMAE), 2022-08-24) Femi J. Fawole; Narottam P. Sahu; Nazeemashahul Shamna; Ayodeji A. Adeoye; Vikas Phulia; Benjamin O. Emikpe
    The rising cost of aquafeed ingredients as global aquaculture expands has led researchers to look for other ingredient sources that are not in conflict with human food. In this regard, this study examined the possibility of incorporating detoxified jatropha protein isolate (JP) into the diet of Labeo rohita (rohu) and the effect on the haematology, innate immunity, and organ integrity. A total of 216 fish (3.25 ± 0.02 g/fish) were randomly distributed in 15 tanks and fed for 60 days. The control diet was formulated with soy protein isolate (SP) and gradually replaced with JP at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results showed that the red blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) were not significantly influenced (p > 0.05). White blood cell (WBC) counts registered a significant overall effect and followed a quadratic trend (p = 0.001), while the haematocrit value showed overall significant effects (p < 0.05) but no linear or quadratic trends were observed (p > 0.05). Serum lysozyme activity increased with increasing JP level (p = 0.002), but the total immunoglobulin value was significantly higher in fish fed JP 100. The respiratory burst activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase, and catalase enzyme activities among the various groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Compared to the control, the photomicrograph of the mid-intestine and liver of fish fed a JP-based diet showed no inflammatory or degenerative changes. In summary, the substitution of SP in the diet with JP improved the innate immunity of L. rohita without any negative impact on the blood profile or the histoarchitectural structure of the liver.
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    Effects of nutraceutical conglomerate on growth and antioxidant status of Labeo rohita fingerlings
    (Elsevier BV, 2021-10) Shamna Naseemashahul; Narottam P. Sahu; Parimal Sardar; Femi J. Fawole
    Four month feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a vitamin-mineral based nutraceutical conglomerate on Labeo rohita fingerlings (Hamilton, 1822) exposed to different stressors like crowding (normal stocking density NSD, 10 number of fish in 75 L water or high stocking density, HSD, 20 number of fish in 75 L water) and feed restriction (satiation feeding, SF or restricted feeding, RF, at 1% of body weight). One thousand and eighty (1080) fingerlings of Labeo rohita with an average size of 8.5 g ± 0.5 were randomly distributed in 6 distinct experimental groups, viz, THR0 (HSD, RF and 0% nutraceutical), THR1 (HSD; RF; 0.1 % nutraceutical), THR5 (HSD, RF, 0.5 % nutraceutical), TNS0 (NSD, SF and 0% nutraceutical), TNS1 (NSD; SF; 0.1 % nutraceutical) and TNS5 (NSD; SF; 0.5 % nutraceutical). Feeding of nutraceuticals improved the overall growth of the fish both in stress exposed and non-exposed groups. The hepatic antioxidant genes (superoxide dismutase-1, SOD-1; glutathione peroxidase-1, GPx-1) and enzymes (SOD and GPx) showed significantly higher values in stress exposed group (THR0) during the experimental trial in all the four months while catalase gene and enzyme showed a higher activity from 2nd month onwards. Reduced glutathione was found lower at the end of 3- and 4-months trial. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS) was significantly reduced due to stress at the end of each trial period, whereas feeding of 0.1 % nutraceutical increased the TAS in stress exposed groups. Hence, it can be concluded that feeding of 0.1 % nutraceutical conglomerate containing zinc, selenium, vitamin E and methionine could mitigate the crowding and feed restriction- mediated oxidative stress in Labeo rohita fingerlings at the end of 3- and 4-months period. The result of this study will be highly applicable for the production of stunted carp fingerlings for short duration crop in seasonal ponds or water bodies.
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    From waste to feed: Dietary utilisation of bacterial protein from fermentation of agricultural wastes in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) production and health
    (Elsevier BV, 2021-01) Ayodeji A. Adeoye; Yemi Akegbejo-Samsons; Femi J. Fawole; Paul O. Olatunji; Niall Muller; Alex H.L. Wan; Simon J. Davies
    A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with bacterial protein (BP) in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) diets. Four iso‑nitrogenous (369 g kg−1) and isolipidic (142 g kg−1) diets were formulated to replace graded levels (0%, 30%, 60% and 100%) of FM protein resulting in a dietary inclusion level of 0, 27.90, 55.70 and 93.00 g kg−1 BP. Test diets were fed to the catfish (initial weight 18.17 ± 0.25 g fish−1, n = 20) in three replicate tanks. After 56 days of feeding, catfish fed with 30% BP diet had outperformed (P < 0.05) fish that were fed with the control diet (100% FM) in mean weight gain (MWG), percentage weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and metabolic growth rate (MGR). However, the growth response (MWG, PWG, SGR, and MGR) from diets containing 60% and 100% BP did not differ significantly to the dietary control. The whole-body protein (+8%) and lipid (+12%) contents of the catfish fed 30% BP diet were higher (P < 0.05) than no BP inclusion dietary group. The replacement of FM with BP in the catfish diets did not statistically affect the haematological status (P > 0.05). While histological analysis of the catfish mid-intestine showed intact epithelial barriers with extensive mucosal folds extending into the lumen. The intestinal perimeter ratio of fish fed with 30% BP diet was higher (+32%) than those of the dietary control group (P < 0.05), but not differ from 100% BP-fed diet (P > 0.05). Indication of the liver health status was measured through serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities, and hepatocyte density, which remains statistically unchanged between the dietary groups (P > 0.05). Overall, the results show that BP can replace FM wholly or partly in African catfish (C. gariepinus) diet, without compromising growth performance, haemato-biochemistry, intestinal integrity, or liver functionality.
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    Housefly maggot meal complement soybean meal in a fish-free diet for hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus ♀ x Heterobranchus longifilis ♂): Effect on growth, body composition, blood biochemistry and antioxidant enzyme activity
    (Elsevier BV, 2023-01) Femi J. Fawole; Naseemashahul Shamna; Hairat A. Memudu; Najeeb Abdullahi; Mohamed S. Hassaan; Oluyemi K. Gbadamosi
    A 45-day experiment was designed to study the complementary effect of maggot (Musca domestica) meal (MG) in a fishmeal-free soybean meal (SBM)-based diet on the production performance of African catfish hybrids. Four isoproteic (398.78 g/kg ± 3.23) and iso-energetic (20.23 kJ/g ± 0.15) diets were formulated as positive control (FM-based diet), soybean-based diets (FM-free) and soybean-based diets supplemented with 14 % MG and 21 % MG as complementary ingredients, denoted as FM, SBM, MG14 and MG21, respectively. A total of 180 healthy hybrid catfish (average initial body weight: 4.31 ± 0.04 g) were distinctly stocked into 12 trial tanks (60-L capacity) and fed to apparent satiation twice daily with their respective diets. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed MG21 outperformed those fed other diets in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and daily growth index (DGI) (p < 0.05). However, MG had no influence on feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), or nutrient utilization indices among the groups (p > 0.05). The MG21 supplementation improved the immuno-physiological indices such as white blood cell, lymphocyte count, total protein, and globulin values compared to other groups, while haemoglobin, haematocrit, and red blood cell counts were not affected. Supplementation with MG at 21 % enhanced the antioxidant capacity of hybrid catfish with no detrimental effect on the serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes activities. However, the aspartate aminotransferase was found higher in MG14 and MG21 fed fish compared to other dietary groups. Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that maggot meal could be used as a complementary ingredient in place of fishmeal in soybean meal diets for the culture of hybrid African catfish.
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    Identification of best detoxification strategies for sustainable valorization of waste from Jatropha-based biodiesel industry: Compounding the benefits of plant-based vehicular fuel
    (Elsevier BV, 2021-11) Vikas Phulia; Parimal Sardar; Ankur Jamwal; Vikas Kumar; Shamna N.; Femi J. Fawole; Bhushan N. Sanap; N.P. Sahu; Subodh Gupta
    Bioenergy generated from plants is one of the best potential energy supplies. Recently, the non-edible Jatropha curcas has been considered one of the world’s most sustainable biofuel crops. Protein rich defatted Jatropha curcas kernel meal (DJKM) is toxic which contains phorbol esters (PEs, 1307 µg g−1) as a major toxic component, therefore it was detoxified through physical, chemical and solid-state fermentation treatments. Water soaking and moist heat treatment (autoclaving) had no significant effect on the PEs removal compared to control. Exposure of DJKM to electron beam radiation (2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy) had a significant effect on PEs degradation and most efficient was at 25 kGy dose. Solvent extraction with either 90% methanol or 80% ethanol in combination with moist heat treatment was the most efficient method compared to other concentrations of methanol or ethanol. Solvent extraction of kernel meal through 0.2 or 0.3 M NaOH in 90% methanol and 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 M NaOH in 80% ethanol, followed by moist heat treatment led to the removal of PEs completely. The PEs content in DJKM through highly alkaline methanol plus moist heat treatment (AM3.0) and ferric chloride & hydrogen peroxide plus moist heat treatments significantly (p < 0.05) decreased to 13.0 and 53.6 µg g−1, respectively. Non-alkaline solvent extraction of DJKM using either 90% methanol (M90H) or 80% ethanol (E80H) in addition to heating while magnetic stirring reduced PEs content significantly (p < 0.05) compared to control exhibiting 99.77 and 99.32% removal, respectively. The DJKM was free of PEs when it was treated via solid-state fermentation through Aspergillus niger fungus. Conclusively, chemical detoxification treatments are cumbersome, un-economical, and their incorporation in the diet may affect animal performance, whereas, the fermentation approach is cost economical, environmentally sustainable and offers greater efficiency.
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    Insect meal inclusion as a novel feed ingredient in soy-based diets improves performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
    (Elsevier BV, 2021-11) Md. Sakhawat Hossain; Femi J. Fawole; Shyam Narayan Labh; Brian C. Small; Ken Overturf; Vikas Kumar
    The additive effects of insect meal supplementation to diets containing a high soy protein inclusion were evaluated for growth performance, antioxidant potential and fillet nutritional quality of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A basal diet (Soy) with a high-level soy protein (21% soybean meal, SBM plus 4–5.5% soy protein concentrate, SPC) was compared to similarly formulated soy-based diets supplemented with low (8%) and high levels (16%) of insect meal for diet groups Soy + IM Low and Soy + IM High, respectively. A high-level fishmeal (24%) based positive control diet (Fish meal) was also produced. All diets were iso‑nitrogenous (44%) and isolipidic (20%) and were fed to triplicate groups of rainbow trout juveniles (initial weight 32 ± 0.0 g) over the course of a 10-week trial. Fish fed the positive control diet showed significantly higher final weight, % weight gain (%WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) compared to the Soy + IM High and Soy diet groups, but these parameters were not significantly different from the Soy + IM Low diet group. The Soy and Soy + IM High diet groups showed significantly lower final weight, % WG and SGR. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio was numerically higher in fish fed the Fish meal positive control diet followed by the Soy + IM Low and Soy and Soy + IM High diet groups, respectively. Among somatic indices, condition factor (CF) was significantly influenced by IM supplementation and the Soy + IM High diet group showed significantly lower CF compared to other dietary groups. Addition of insect meal significantly increased whole body amino acids viz., arginine, histidine, valine and threonine content. Insect meal supplementation significantly increased muscle α-linolenic acid content. However, α-linolenic acid content in fish fed the Soy + IM High diet was not significantly different from fish fed the Fishmeal positive control diet. Insect meal supplementation did not significantly influence EPA + DHA, total n-3 PUFA and monounsaturated fatty acid content in the muscle, whereas the significantly highest EPA/DHA and total monounsaturated fatty acids were detected in the fishmeal based positive control diet compared to other dietary treatment. The liver gene expression pattern for Δ5 desaturase was significantly higher in the Soy + IM Low diet fish, while Δ6 desaturase and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were significantly higher in Soy (basal) and Soy + IM Low diet fed fish. Elongase and fatty acid binding protein (FABP) were not significantly influenced by insect meal supplementation. Regarding the antioxidant potential, Soy diet group showed significantly higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity compared to insect meal included groups and positive control diet group. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was significantly reduced in Soy + IM High diet compared to other dietary groups. Finally, we conclude that insect meal inclusion at a low level (8%) is beneficial for increased growth and select fatty acid restoration for rainbow trout fed soy-based feeds.
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    Preliminary assessment of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larval meal in the diet of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): Impact on growth, body index, and hematological parameters
    (Wiley, 2020-04-27) Ayodeji A. Adeoye; Yemi Akegbejo‐Samsons; Femi J. Fawole; Simon J. Davies
    A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucen) larval meal (BSF) in practical diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Four diets were formulated to contain levels of fishmeal replacement at 0, 25, 50, and 100% with BSF. A total of 360 fingerlings (2.67 ± 0.0 g/fish) were randomly distributed into 12 tanks (30‐L capacity) containing 30 fish each and fed with the respective diet to apparent satiation. After 6 weeks of feeding, growth performance and nutrient utilization indices of the groups fed 25 and 50% BSF diets were not significantly different (p > .05) from the group fed the fishmeal‐based control diet. However, further increase in the replacement of fishmeal with BSF (100%) led to a significant (p < .05) reduction in the growth, feed intake, and protein efficiency ratio of the catfish, whereas body index and survival were not affected. The hematological parameters among the BSF fed groups showed no significant variation (p > .05) compared with the control group. From the current study, it was clear that fishmeal could be replaced with BSF up to 50% without affecting the growth performance, nutrient utilization, survival, and welfare of . C. gariepinus fingerlings.