Browsing by Author "Eniayewu, O.I."
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Item Chemical Equivalence of some Brands of Metronidazole Tablets Marketed in Sagamu Community(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2018) Kasim, L.S.; Oyefule, M.O.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Njinga, N.S.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Shittu, A.O.The occurrence of fake and substandard medicines has become a global issue that draws the attention of all key players in the sector in all nations of the World. This study was carried out for comparative quality assessment of different brands of metronidazole tablets in Sagamu community in Nigeria to determine their suitability for therapeutic purpose. Five (5) brands of 200mg metronidazole tablet, marketed in Sagamu community Pharmacies were randomly selected and subjected to physicochemical studies which include uniformity of weight, crushing strength, friability, and disintegration rate, and chemical equivalence study using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to official procedures in British Pharmacopoeia (B.P). All brands except brand D and E passed the weight uniformity test. The friability test was passed by all the brands except brand E according to B.P specification which states that the loss in weight should be less than 1% also all brands except brand B showed satisfactory crushing strength. Also, the disintegration rate of the brands was satisfactory according to the B.P. specification as all the brands disintegrated within 30 minutes. The results of high performance liquid chromatography revealed the percentage content of brands A,B,C,D, and E to be 97.44% w/w, 130.9% w/w, 111.56% w/w, 98.52% w/w, 96.02% w/w respectively. The British Phamacopoeia specification for percentage composition of metronidazole is in the range of 90-105%. Therefore brand A, D and E passed the test while brand B and C did not pass the test. The results showed that only brand A passed all the analytical procedures and therefore fit or safe for human consumption.Item Chemical Equivalence of Some Brands of Metronidazole Tablets Marketed in Sagamu Community(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2018) Kasim, L.S.; Oyefule, M.O.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Njinga, N.S.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Shittu, A.O.Item Chemical equivalence of some brands of metronidazole tablets marketed in Sagamu community.(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Development and Practice. published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin., 2018) Kasim, L.S.; Oyefule, M.O.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Njinga, N.S.; Abdullahi, S.T.; & Shittu, A.O.The occurrence of fake and substandard medicines has become a global issue that draws the attention of all key players in the sector in all nations of the World. This study was carried out for comparative quality assessment of different brands of metronidazole tablets in Sagamu community in Nigeria to determine their suitability for therapeutic purpose. Five (5) brands of 200mg metronidazole tablet, marketed in Sagamu community Pharmacies were randomly selected and subjected to physicochemical studies which include uniformity of weight, crushing strength, friability, and disintegration rate, and chemical equivalence study using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to official procedures in British Pharmacopoeia (B.P). All brands except brand D and E passed the weight uniformity test. The friability test was passed by all the brands except brand E according to B.P specification which states that the loss in weight should be less than 1% also all brands except brand B showed satisfactory crushing strength. Also, the disintegration rate of the brands was satisfactory according to the B.P. specification as all the brands disintegrated within 30 minutes. The results of high performance liquid chromatography revealed the percentage content of brands A,B,C,D, and E to be 97.44% w/w, 130.9% w/w, 111.56% w/w, 98.52% w/w, 96.02% w/w respectively. The British Phamacopoeia specification for percentage composition of metronidazole is in the range of 90-105%. Therefore brand A, D and E passed the test while brand B and C did not pass the test. The results showed that only brand A passed all the analytical procedures and therefore fit or safe for human consumption.Item Cytotoxicity and Anti-Proliferative Studies of Crinum jagus L. (Amaryllidaceae) Bulb Extract(Bima Journal of Science and Technology (BJST), 2020-07) Salawu, M.K.; Atunwa, S.A.; Eniayewu, O.I.Crinum jagus is a flowering plant, commonly called a poison bulb. Traditionally, the bulb extract is used in the treatment of several ailments including cancer. Cancer is a global cause of death characterized by abnormal cell proliferation. This research thus aimed to identify secondary metabolites present in the crude extract of C. jagus and evaluate its cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities using benchtop assays. The whole C. jagus bulb was collected, air-dried under the shade and extracted into distilled methanol. The extract was concentrated in vacuum and subjected to; phytochemical analysis, brine shrimp lethality (BSL) assay, Sorghum bicolor radical and Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assays. Data obtained was analyzed by Graphpad prism version 6.0. The whole bulb on extraction had a percentage yield of 12.15 % w/w. The phytochemical content of the extract includes alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and some glycosides. The extract demonstrated concentration-dependent brine shrimp lethality (LC50 of 65.62±0.74 μg/mL), Sorghum bicolor radical growth inhibition (IC50 = 5.36±3.21μg/mL) and significant Allium cepa root growth inhibition comparative to cyclophosphamide (a standard anticancer drug). The extract was found to be rich in secondary metabolites which elicited significant cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities. This is the first report of antiproliferative activity of C. jagus bulb extract. Hence, this study justifies the traditional use of the bulb in the treatment of cancer. Keywords: Crinum jagus, Brine Shrimps, Sorghum bicolor, Allium cepa, Cytotoxicity, antiproliferativeItem Demographic characteristics and susceptibility profiles of Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli isolates from urine samples of asymptomatic pregnant women within Ilorin metropolis(ILORIN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, 2024) David, S. M.; Aliyu, A.; Olufadi-Ahmed, H.Y.; Otitodun, M.I; Olalekan, A.G.; Muhammad, O.A.; Raheem, O.S.; Adah, D.E; Eniayewu, O.I.Item Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic extracts of the leaf of senna alata and bark of piliostigma thonningii and the effect of their combination against skin infections(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2020-06-04) Afosi, A.B.; Shittu, A.O.; Adekunle, R.B.; Bello, R.H.; Attah, F.A.; Eniayewu, O.I.The skin is the largest, multi-layered organ with a protective function. However, a breach as a result of damage to the epidermis causes micro-organisms to penetrate and cause infections. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activities of the extracts of leaf of Senna alata and bark of Piliostigma thonningii as well as possible effect of the extracts combination in varying ratios. Ethanolic extracts of leaf of S. alata and bark of P. thonningii were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against selected Gram-positive - Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative - Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Citrobacter freundii, Yersinia enterocolitica; and fungal strain - Candida albican using agar well diffusion method at 100, 200 and 300 mg/mL and in combination at 75:25, 25:75 and 50:50 ratios against selected microorganisms. Gentamicin and Nystatin were used as positive controls. Triplicate zones of inhibition were measured after 24 and 72 hours for bacterial and fungal isolates respectively. The extracts of S. alata and P. thonningii had means of zones of inhibition ranging from 24.00±1.06 to 13.00±0.00 and 30.00±0.43 to 15.00±1.00 against S. aureus and 21.50±0.25 to 18.00±0.00 and 19.00±0.43 to 17.00±0.81 against E. coli respectively. Only the extract of S. alata showed antifungal activity with mean of zones of inhibition ranging from 30.00±0.53 to 12.00±0.82 against C. albicans. The synergistic activity S. alata and P. thonningii at ratio 50:50 produced the highest activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Considering these antimicrobial activities observed, the two extracts have shown interesting potentials in the treatment of skin infections.Item Heavy metal analysis of polyherbal formulations marketed in Ilorin.(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Development and Practice. Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin., 2020) Eniayewu, O.I.; Bamidele, O.D.; Ogunremi, B.I.; Afosi A.B.; Ibrahim, S.A.; Abdulahi, S.T.; Njinga, N.S.Globally, consumption of herbal preparations is on the increase with corresponding increase in the numbers of pharmaceutical industries engaged in herbal production. There is need for regular assessment of the quality of these herbal products to safeguard the health of the consumers of herbal drugs. Besides other quality parameters for evaluation of herbal products, heavy metals analysis is essential due to the potential health hazards implicated in their consumptions. Therefore, the study evaluates the heavy metal contents of two polyherbal liquid preparations marketed in Ilorin, North Central, Nigeria. Samples of the two herbal products (AMO and ZAK herbal bitters) were pre-treated and analyzed for the presence of iron, lead, cadmium, Copper, manganese and zinc using a validated Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) method. The analysis was done in triplicate and International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline followed. Validation results showed linearity between 5-50 mg/L, 0.1-0.4 mg/L, 1-4 mg/L, 0.02-1.0 mg/L, 0.2-1.6 mg/L and 1-4 mg/L for iron, manganese, lead, copper, zinc and cadmium respectively, while the limit of detection was 0.001 mg/L, 0.001 mg/L, 0.002 mg/L, 0.005 mg/L, 0.025 mg/L, and 0.002 mg/L, for copper, manganese, cadmium, iron, lead, and zinc respectively. The findings showed higher concentrations of iron above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit in the two preparations at 15.1 mg/L and 42.6 mg/L for AMO and ZAK herbal bitters respectively. However, lead, cadmium, and zinc were undetectable in both samples and the observed amount for copper and manganese were below the WHO limit. Our findings revealed the presence of iron at concentrations exceeding WHO permissible limits in both polyherbal preparations evaluated. This indicates a potential risk for iron poisoning with long term consumption of these products. Intensive effort by regulatory agencies to ensure the safety and quality of polyherbal formulations is recommended.Item Phytochemical, antibacteria and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of lannea kerstingii engl & k .Krause (anacadiaceae)(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2018) Njinga, N.S.; Sule, M.I.; Shittu, A.O.; David, M.S.; Amali, M.O.; Bolaji, A.R.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Atunwa, S.A.; Hassan, H.S.; Eniayewu, O.I.The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, antibacterial, acute toxicity and anti-convulsant activity. Standard method was used to determine the phytochemistry while the antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and Pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. The phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. The ethyl acetate and methanol fraction of the stem bark was found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. The LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem-bark of L. kerstingii afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. Thus, justifying the use of this plant in treating convulsion.Item Phytochemical, antibacteria and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl & k. Krause (anacadiaceae). Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources.(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2018) Njinga, Ngaitad; Sule, M.I.; Shittu, A.O.; David, M.S.; Amali, M.O.; Bolaji, A.R.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Atunwa, S.A.; Hassan, H.S.; Eniayewu, O.I.The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion.Item Phytochemical, elemental, antioxidant, antimicrobial and hypoglycemic studies of a mixed herbal product used for the management of diabetics(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2018) Bakare-Odunola, M.T.; Njinga, N.S.; Ayaniyi, R.O.; Bello, M.K.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Abdulmajeed, F.F.; Bello, H.R.Medicinal plants are important sources of disease-preventing compounds, which are important for the treatment of various health challenges such as diabetes. On an aqueous extract of a herbal product (HP) used for the management of diabetes, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and AlCl3 method respectively. Microbiological evaluation was done by determining the total viable, yeast, mould and coliform bacteria count. The elemental analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer. The acute toxicity was done using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline while the hypoglycemic activity was evaluated using alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents obtained was 1.58±0.001mg/g quercetin equivalent and 10.84±0.003 mg/g gallic acid equivalent respectively. Heavy metals Fe and Zn were present while Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb were absent. Na and K were also present at concentrations of 3.90 and 2.20mg·kg−1 respectively. The total viable and coliform counts were found to be 1.34 x 105and 9.0 x 104 cfu/g respectively while there was absence of mould and yeast in the HP. The LD50 of the HP was found to be above 5000 mg/kg. At dose of 125 mg/kg, the HP significantly (P<005) reduced glucose level to 143 mg/dL after 4 hours and to 123 mg/dL after 8 hours. The phytochemicals present, safety and the anti-diabetic activity justify the use of this HP in the management of diabetes.Item Potency evaluation of expired morphine sulphate injections.(Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria., 2021) Abdullahi, S.T.; Yusuf, A.; Njinga, N.S.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Bamidele, O.D.; Amali, M.O.; Ayanniyi, R.O.; Bakare-Odunola, M.T.Expired drugs have not necessarily lost their potency and efficacy as expiration dates are only assurances that the labeled potency will last at least until that time. Clinical situations may arise in which expired medicines might be considered owing to lack of viable alternatives or financial concerns. Moreover, limited studies have reported potency of pharmaceuticals beyond their labeled expiration dates. This study determined the potencies of expired morphine sulphate (10 mg and 15 mg) injections using British Pharmaceutical Codex specific absorptivity [E (1%, 1 cm)] values of 41 [at wavelength of maximum absorbance (λmax) of 285 nm] in water and 70 [at λmax of 298 nm] in 0.1N NaOH and compared with that of unexpired morphine hydrochloride (10 mg) injection. With the exception of expired morphine 15 mg injection, both the unexpired and expired 10 mg injections exceeded the United State Pharmaceutical Codex maximum acceptance limit of 110.0% (acceptance criteria of 90.0% – 110.0%). Although the percent contents of expired morphine 15 mg injections were significantly different from those of unexpired morphine 10 mg injections [mean percent content difference (95% confidence interval): 13.98% (11.05, 16.92) using water and 13.02% (8.95, 17.08) using 0.1N NaOH], expired morphine 10 mg injections were not significantly different from the unexpired morphine 10 mg injections [2.68% (-0.56, 5.92) using water and 7.33% (-3.40, 18.06) using 0.1N NaOH as assay solvents]. This study corroborates a previous report and indicates that expired morphine injections, if properly stored, can be extended past their expiration dates. While it is always best to use unexpired medication, expired morphine injections could be considered when it becomes the sole available option.Item Quality Assessment of different Brands of Diclofenac Tablets Marketed in Ilorin metropolis: a Pharmaceutical and Health Perspective(Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, 2020) Abdullahi, S.T.; Olanipekun, O.C.; Njinga, N.S.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Bamidele, O.D.; Bakare-Odunnola, M.T.; Shittu, A.O.; Soyinka, J.O.Background: The quality of a medicinal product is an important factor for its safety and efficacy. Poor-quality medicines are a major impediment to improvements in public health. This study assessed the pharmaceutical quality of different brands of diclofenac (DCF) tablets in Ilorin metropolis. Methods: Four randomly selected brands of diclofenac potassium tablets (coded: DCF-A, DCF-B, DCF-C and DCF-D) were obtained from pharmaceutical outlets, and quality parameters were evaluated according to Pharmacopeial methods. The potency of tablets was determined spectrophotometrically based on the measurement of maximum absorbance at a wavelength of 276 nm in doubly distilled water. Results: Method validation according to the International Council for Harmonization guidelines showed acceptable sensitivity (limit of detection of 0.3886 pg/mL and limit of quantification of 1.1775 pg/mL), precision (% relative standard deviation range of 0.72 — 1.54), accuracy (% recovery range of 98.9— 101.3). Average contents of active diclofenac were 45, 98, 103 and 105% for DCF-A, DCF-B, DCF-C and DCF-D respectively. DCF-A brand was not only substandard but falsified based on British Pharmacopoeia potency specification range of 95 — 105%. Conclusion: A substandard and falsified brand of diclofenac tablets was detected. Drug regulatory authority must ensure periodic post-registration surveillance of licensed pharmaceutical products marketed in the country to secure the health and safety of the populace.Item Quality assessment of different brands of diclofenac tablets marketed in Ilorin metropolis: a pharmaceutical and public health perspective.(Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy. Published by Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria., 2020) Abdullahi, S.T.; Olanipekun, O.C.; Njinga, N.S.,; Eniayewu, O.I.; Bamidele, O.D.; Bakare-Odunola, M.T.; Shittu, A.O.; Soyinka, J.O.Background: The quality of a medicinal product is an important factor for its safety and efficacy. Poor-quality medicines are a major impediment to improvements in public health. This study assessed the pharmaceutical quality of different brands of diclofenac (DCF) tablets in Ilorin metropolis. Methods: Four randomly selected brands of diclofenac potassium tablets (coded: DCF-A, DCF-B, DCF-C and DCF-D) were obtained from pharmaceutical outlets, and quality parameters were evaluated according to Pharmacopeial methods. The potency of tablets was determined spectrophotometrically based on the measurement of maximum absorbance at a wavelength of 276 nm in doubly distilled water. Results: Method validation according to the International Council for Harmonization guidelines showed acceptable sensitivity (limit of detection of 0.3886 μg/mL and limit of quantication of 1.1775 μg/mL), precision (% relative standard deviation range of 0.72 – 1.54), accuracy (% recovery range of 98.9 – 101.3). Average contents of active diclofenac were 45, 98, 103 and 105% for DCF-A, DCF-B, DCF-C and DCF-D respectively. DCF-A brand was not only substandard but falsied based on British Pharmacopoeia potency specication range of 95 – 105%. Conclusion: A substandard and falsied brand of diclofenac tablets was detected. Drug regulatory authority must ensure periodic post-registration surveillance of licensed pharmaceutical products marketed in the country to secure the health and safety of the populace.