Browsing by Author "Eniayewu, O. I"
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Item Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activities of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of the Roots of Adenodolichos paniculatus against selected Pathogenic Microorganisms(Pharmaceutical Society of Kenya, 2022) Njinga, N. S.; Lawal, B. A; David, S. M.; Eniayewu, O. I; Bello, N; Abiodun, O. S.; Kolawole, A. J.; Ene, O. C.; Bamidele, O. D.; Saka, K. L; Kayode, M. S.; Rahimat, O. ODrugs derived from natural sources present a significant alternative therapy in the management of infectious diseases. The increasing resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to orthodox medicine has necessitated the search for alternative means of treatment. This study aimed at evaluating the phytochemicals, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the hydroalcoholic extract of the roots of Adenodolichos paniculatus against selected pathogenic microorganisms. Evaluation of phytochemical constituents was done using standard procedures and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl. Antimicrobial activity was investigated using fifteen pathogenic organisms, which included five gram-positive and seven gram-negative bacterial strains and three fungal strains using Agar diffusion method. The zones of inhibition of the extract against the test organisms, their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as well as the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) were determined. The extract was found to contain steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. The total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins were found to be 1.427±0.02 mg/g gallic acid, 0.4239±0.19 mg/g quercetin, 5% and 75.23% respectively. The antioxidant activity at concentrations of 7.53 and 15.51 μg/mL were not statistically different from that of vitamin C (P<0.05) and the IC50 (Half-maximal inhibitory concentration) found to be 4.906 μg/mL. The zones of inhibition ranged from 22 – 47 mm while the MIC and MBC/MFC was observed to be 5 to 10 mg/mL, and 10 to 40 mg/mL respectively. The availability of phytochemicals with remarkable antioxidant activities and the demonstration of antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi strains show that A. paniculata root is a potential source for the production of antioxidants as well as antimicrobial drugs.Item Phytochemical, elemental, antioxidant, antimicrobial and hypoglycemic studies of a mixed herbal product used for the management of diabetics.(Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources., 2018-09) Bakare-Odunola, M. T; Njinga, N. S; Ayanniyi, R. O; Bello, M. K; Abdullahi, S. T; Eniayewu, O. I; Abdulmajeed, F. F; Bello, R. HMedicinal plants are important sources of disease-preventing compounds, which are important for the treatment of various health challenges such as diabetes. On an aqueous extract of a herbal product (HP) used for the management of diabetes, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and AlCl3 method respectively. Microbiological evaluation was done by determining the total viable, yeast, mould and coliform bacteria count. The elemental analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer. The acute toxicity was done using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline while the hypoglycemic activity was evaluated using alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents obtained was 1.58±0.001mg/g quercetin equivalent and 10.84±0.003 mg/g gallic acid equivalent respectively. Heavy metals Fe and Zn were present while Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb were absent. Na and K were also present at concentrations of 3.90 and 2.20mg·kg−1 respectively. The total viable and coliform counts were found to be 1.34 x 105and 9.0 x 104 cfu/g respectively while there was absence of mould and yeast in the HP. The LD50 of the HP was found to be above 5000 mg/kg. At dose of 125 mg/kg, the HP significantly (P<005) reduced glucose level to 143 mg/dL after 4 hours and to 123 mg/dL after 8 hours. The phytochemicals present, safety and the anti-diabetic activity justify the use of this HP in the management of diabetes.Item Potency Evaluation of Expired Morphine Injections(Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021-03) Abdullahi, Saad Toyin; Yusuf, A; Njinga, N. S.; Eniayewu, O. I; Bamidele, O. D.; Amali, M. O.; Ayanniyi, R. O.; Bakare-Odunola, M, T.Expired drugs have not necessarily lost their potency and efficacy as expiration dates are only assurances that the labeled potency will last at least until that time. Clinical situations may arise in which expired medicines might be considered owing to lack of viable alternatives or financial concerns. Moreover, limited studies have reported potency of pharmaceuticals beyond their labeled expiration dates. This study determined the potencies of expired morphine sulphate (10 mg and 15 mg) injections using British Pharmaceutical Codex specific absorptivity [E (1%, 1 cm)] values of 41 [at wavelength of maximum absorbance (λmax) of 285 nm] in water and 70 [at λmax of 298 nm] in 0.1N NaOH and compared with that of unexpired morphine hydrochloride (10 mg) injection. With the exception of expired morphine 15 mg injection, both the unexpired and expired 10 mg injections exceeded the United State Pharmaceutical Codex maximum acceptance limit of 110.0% (acceptance criteria of 90.0% – 110.0%). Although the percent contents of expired morphine 15 mg injections were significantly different from those of unexpired morphine 10 mg injections [mean percent content difference (95% confidence interval): 13.98% (11.05, 16.92) using water and 13.02% (8.95, 17.08) using 0.1N NaOH], expired morphine 10 mg injections were not significantly different from the unexpired morphine 10 mg injections [2.68% (-0.56, 5.92) using water and 7.33% (-3.40, 18.06) using 0.1N NaOH as assay solvents]. This study corroborates a previous report and indicates that expired morphine injections, if properly stored, can be extended past their expiration dates. While it is always best to use unexpired medication, expired morphine injections could be considered when it becomes the sole available option.