Browsing by Author "Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda"

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    ADEQUACY, USE AND MANAGEMENT OF OPEN SPACES IN IKEJA L.G.A., LAGOS STATE
    (Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2018) Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda; Aduloju, Olalekan Tolulope B.; Enisan, Olugbenga Franklyn
    One of the present weaknesses of the physical planning in most Nigerian cities including Lagos Megacity region is the virtual indifference to necessity of providing open spaces, parks and gardens as greenery within the urbanized area. It was against this backdrop that this research takes a look at the adequacy, management and use of open space in Ikeja. For this vision to be materialized, locations of these open spaces, the management in place, the impact on socio economic activities and the management techniques employed in managing these open spaces were identified. A total number of one hundred and sixty (160) respondents were sampled including inhabitants, commuters and users of this open spaces; agencies/parastatals in charge of open space planning and management were also sampled. To this end, both descriptive and inferential analyses was performed on various data collected through the use of (SPSS). Findings revealed that the open space use and management in Ikeja area of study is inadequate based on facilities, planning, management and infrastructure; but the inadequacy of open spaces in Ikeja area of study is leaving the open space use and management at satisfactory level. Furthermore, it was ascertained through the regression model that open space satisfaction in the study area actually depends on security, closeness to open space sites, journey time to open spaces. To these effects, this research had hereby offered some recommendations like Joint Open Space Management Plan, Conservation and Preservation of Open Space in order to combat acute shortage of land for open space use which at present stands at 0.39% of the total land-uses of Ikeja area of study.
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    Analysis of the Trend of Peri-Urban Development in Minna, Niger State
    (Scientific Research Publishing, 2020-09-10) Idowu, Olusegun Owoeye; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda; Aduloju, Olalekan Tolulope B.
    Current situation of development in Minna has raised many spatial challenges especially in the peri-urban areas. This study analyzed the spatial development of Minna between 1972 and 2015, with a view to determining the trend at which the peri-urban area changes over time. Minna topographical map of 1972, township map of 1979 and the satellite imageries covering 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2015 were employed in this study. Map processing and image classification techniques were used in extracting the information needed. The study revealed that there was over 2000% increase in the built-up area of Minna within the period understudied. This implies that the peri-urban areas of Minna by 2015 had grown about thirty-two times its size in 1972; thirteen its size in 1979; thrice its size in 1986 and 1996, respectively; and twice of its size in 2006, but, with an increased rate of uncoordinated and unplanned development. It concluded that the planning and development of Minna peri- urban areas should not be left to chance or the interplay of economic variables, but should be guided by strategies that will ensure orderly growth and development. It therefore recommended that the government through the statutory agencies should initiate a strategic development plan proposal known as Peri-urban Area Strategic Development Plans (PuASDP), which is to guide and control every spatial development activities in the peri-urban areas.
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    Application of participatory GIS in crime mapping of Ibadan North, Nigeria
    (Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group, 2020-12-16) Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda; Aduloju, Olalekan Tolulope; Osewa, Dare J.; Anofi, Abdulfatai Olanrewaju; Abubakar-Kamar, Aisha T.
    This paper demonstrates the application of Participatory Geographic Information System (PGIS) as a tool to present people’s local spatial knowledge of crime in the form of 2-dimensional maps. This study adopted a survey research design employing both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were collected through the administration of 96 copies of questionnaires, and a Web-based PGIS map served as a data collection instrument to collect spatial information on crime occurrences in the study area. Secondary data were sourced from journals, reports and the Nigerian Police Force. Results show that Mokola is a poor residential neighborhood occupied mainly by self-employed and low-income business merchants. It also reveals that Mokola experiences 689 percent more crime than would be expected, given the distribution of crime in the study area. Also, crime hotspots such as Roundabout junction, Dandaru hill, Darlington street were identified by participants aiding knowledge of the crime pattern in the study area. This study recommends natural surveillance as a concept of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) to keep potential offenders under easy observation. In conclusion, this study offers a vital link between the police and the general populace, one that has been absent in times past.
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    Application of Participatory GIS in Crime Mapping of Ibadan North, Nigeria
    (Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group, 2020-12-16) Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda; Aduloju, Olalekan Tolulope B.; Osewa, Dare Joshua; Anofi, Abdulfatai Olanrewaju; Abubakar-Karma, Aisha Tayo
    This paper demonstrates the application of Participatory Geographic Information System (PGIS) as a tool to present people’s local spatial knowledge of crime in the form of 2-dimensional maps. This study adopted a survey research design employing both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were collected through the administration of 96 copies of questionnaires, and a Web-based PGIS map served as a data collection instrument to collect spatial information on crime occurrences in the study area. Secondary data were sourced from journals, reports and the Nigerian Police Force. Results show that Mokola is a poor residential neighborhood occupied mainly by self-employed and low-income business merchants. It also reveals that Mokola experiences 689 percent more crime than would be expected, given the distribution of crime in the study area. Also, crime hotspots such as Roundabout junction, Dandaru hill, Darlington street were identified by participants aiding knowledge of the crime pattern in the study area. This study recommends natural surveillance as a concept of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) to keep potential offenders under easy observation. In conclusion, this study offers a vital link between the police and the general populace, one that has been absent in times past.
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    Appraisal of Urbanization Trends in Ilorin, Nigeria
    (Clarion University of Pennsylvania, 2014) Ibrahim, Rafiu Babatunde; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda; Raheem, Wasiu Mayowa; Abdulyekeen, Abdulazeez Ola
    The rapid urbanization which is a common feature of countries of developing nations since the last century has constituted a great threat to urban sustainable development. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the urbanization trends in Ilorin, Nigeria. The data used for the study were obtained from secondary sources. Some of these data include population growth of Ilorin since the pre-colonial era, annual population growth, spatial expansion of Ilorin between 1960 and 2010; and Built-up area of Ilorin from 1986-2006. Findings from this study show that the spatial expansion of the study area was propelled by rapid population growth i.e. in 1931 the total population of the town was 100,592, it grew to 208,546 in 1963, while in 1991 Ilorin population was confirmed to be 532,088 by the National Population Commission and it is believed that by the year 2020 the population of Ilorin will reach 3,518,771 based on projection. Moreover with the spate of the growing population, demand for land to build houses was on the increase, thereby causing the physical growth of the study area. For instance, the built-up area of study area was 1235.84 Ha in 1960, and in 1980 it was 3170.24Ha and in 2010 the physical built-up area reached 14,306.71Ha. In addition, the study revealed that as the built-up area is increasing due to population growth, the land consumption is also increasing, for instance, the land consumption rates in hectare of land use were 0.0054 in the year 2003 and in the year 2012 it has reached 0.0091. The study recommends integrated National programmes for the spatial distribution of population and to this effect priority consideration should be given to the preparation of a master plan which will make provision for a more equitable system of distribution of development in all areas. This will no doubt address the issue of rapid urbanization and thereby enhance the sustainability of the city.
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    APPRAISSAL OF URBANIZATION TRENDS IN ILORIN, NIGERIA
    (2014) Ibrahim, Rafiu Babatunde; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda; Raheem, Wasiu Mayowa; Abdulyekeen, Abdulazeez Ola
    The rapid urbanization which is common feature of countries of developing nations since the last century has constituted great threat to urban sustainable development. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the urbanization trends in Ilorin, Nigeria. The data used for the study were obtained from secondary sources. Some of these data include population growth of Ilorin since pre-colonial era, annual population growth, spatial expansion of Ilorin between 1960 and 2010; and Built-up area of Ilorin from 1986-2006. Findings from this study show that the spatial expansion of the study area was propelled by rapid population growth i.e. in 1931 the total population of the town was 100,592, it grew to 208,546 in 1963, while in 1991 Ilorin population was confirmed to be 532,088 by the National Population Commission and it is believed that by the year 2020 the population of Ilorin will reach 3,518,771 based on projection. Moreover with the spate of the growing population, demand for land to build houses was on the increase, thereby causing the physical growth of the study area. For instance the built-up area of study area was 1235.84 Ha in 1960, and in 1980 it was 3170.24Ha and in 2010 the physical built-up area reached 14,306.71Ha. In addition, the study revealed that as the built up area is increasing due to population growth, the land consumption is also increasing, for instance the land consumption rates in hectare of land use was 0.0054 in year 2003 and in year 2012 it has reached 0.0091. The study recommends integrated National programmes for spatial distribution of population and to this effect priority consideration should be given to the preparation of master plan which will make provision for a more equitable system of distribution of development in all areas. This will no doubt address the issue of rapid urbanization and thereby enhance sustainability of the city.
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    ASSESSMENT OF ADEQUACY OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS IMPACTS ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES IN ILORIN WEST, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
    (School of Environmental Technology (SET), Federal University of Technology, Minna., 2015) Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda; Adeogun, A.S.
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    CORRELATE OF TRADITIONAL HOUSING FACILITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN OGBOMOSO NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT, OYO STATE
    (College of Engineering and Environmental Studies, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun State, Nigeria, 2014) Toyobo, Adigun Emmanuel; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda
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    Correlates of Police Stations and Crime Management in Ilorin Metropolis
    (Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Federal University of Technology, Akure, 2023) Anofi, Abdulfatai Olanrewaju; Aduloju, Olalekan Tolulope Bodunrin; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda; Moshood, Bukola Baheedoh
    Police stations are an important and visible aspect of police force organisation. A survey was conducted in Ilorin metropolis to examine the spatial distribution of police stations and their correlation with crime prevention and control. Data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources, with 120 copies of questionnaire administered. Data on the spatial locations of police stations were obtained from reports, the Nigeria Police Force, and journals. The study revealed that the majority of residents in the area were underserved by police stations, indicating a shortage of police personnel to combat crime. The current ratio of one police personnel to 1,318 persons was far lower than the ratio of 1:450 persons recommended by the United Nations. The study recommended that the government recruit more personnel into the police force, apply physical planning mechanisms to strategically locate new police stations, and adopt new technologies, such as GIS, to combat crime.
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    Crime
    (Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan., 2016) Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda
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    Exploring residential characteristics as determinants of household adaptation to climate change in Lagos, Nigeria
    (Emerald Insight, 2021-11-09) Okunola, Olasunkanmi Habeeb; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda
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    FACTORS INFLUENCING WEEKEND JOURNEY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT PASSENGERS ALONG LAGOS-ABEOKUTA ROAD, NIGERIA
    (Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, 2017-07) Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda; Agunloye, Olayinka; Oluyemi
    This research examined the nature of travel demands and factors influencing public transport weekend passengers’ travel behaviour along the Lagos-Abeokuta corridor in Southwest, Nigeria. Sources of data included primary and secondary. The sample frame for this study was 29, 454 passengers. The sample size was 395. The sampling technique utilized was the purposive sampling technique. The method of data analysis included the use of frequency tables, charts and likert scale outputs through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study revealed that majority (60.3%) used mini bus as the major mode of transport as 39.0% made 2-3 trips during weekends. The study also found that the respondents last travel purpose was majorly (40.5%) for leisure as the average travel time was 75 minutes per trip. The travel distance of most respondents (40.8%) was above 200km while the average travel cost was
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    Foreign tourists' perceptions of safety and their future travel intentions to Nigerian cultural festivals.
    (The College of Tourism and Hotel Management, Cyprus and Ball State University, USA, 2020) Badiora, Adewumi I.; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda
    Cultural festivals provide Nigeria with a platform to showcase its uniqueness and attractiveness as an international tourist destination. However, issues over crime which has emerged recently has become a vital concern regarding travelling to the country. This study thus, examines foreign tourists’ perceptions of Nigeria as a travel destination, particularly regarding tourists answered a questionnaire while attending the 2019 Olojo and Osun festivals. In the overall, respondents generally had positive perceptions with regards to their safety. Nevertheless, majority of the respondents felt unsafe while going out in the night and using public transport. Some socio-demographic factors (such as gender, country of origin, length of stay, number and purpose of visits) were found to affect respondents’ perceived personal safety. Besides, concerns for safety did not appear to adversely affect respondents’ future travel intentions to return to Nigeria and recommend the country as a travel destination to others. These findings are useful to tourism management professionals and contribute to the improvement of major traditional festivals in sub-Saharan Africa specifically and globally, in general.
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    GENDER ACCESS TO URBAN RESIDENTIAL LAND AND LEGAL SECURITY OF TENURE: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE
    (Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2011-12) Olujimi, J.A.B.; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda
    Introduction Land can be defined as the total solid crust of the earth surface, including those features permanently attached (by nature) such as forest, hills, valleys and water bodies up to the sky (air space) and also the resources found therein (Gaddy and Hart, 1993). As the foundation of all forms of human activities, food, shelter and space for other activities are obtained from land. As rightly observed by Gamu (2003), nothing is achievable without land, and if its management in terms of delineation, distribution, accessibility, ownership, uses and control are very problematic, then the populace will find it difficult to develop in several spheres. Consequently, land and land resources need to be properly harnessed and managed to sustain current needs and ensure adequate provision for future generation (Ibidapo-Obe, 2003). The phrase “legal security of tenure” is an amalgam of two terms: “legal security” and “tenure”. According to the Chambers 20th Century Dictionary, “legal security” means protection offered to a person under the law in a given circumstance and over a particular subject-matter. On the other hand, “tenure” can be described as a person’s holding, or interest in a thing (e.g. land, housing, office, etc) for an assumed length of time. It includes the conditions of which such a thing is held (Ughochukwu, 2001). Implicit in the phrase, “legal security of tenure”, Ugochukwu (2001) explains is the imperative of ensuring that everyone is guaranteed protection under the law and that when it is necessary to interfere with tenure, steps are taken to ameliorate the hardship it will cause. In summary, a person or household can be said to have secured tenure when they are protected from involuntary removal from their land or residence, except in exceptional circumstances, and then only by means of a known and agreed legal procedure, which must itself be objective, equally applicable, contestable and independent (UNCHS, 1996). Consideration for land accessibility as revealed by Omirin (2003) is vital to the effort to achieve efficient and sustainable development of the human settlements. For sustainable housing delivery and urban development, access to land and security of tenure need to benefits both men and women equally. Unfortunately, there is a plethora of evidence for discriminating in many communities (Kanshahu, 2000). Many religions have firm rules on land and inheritance. In many countries, the rules work against women owing land (UN-Habitat, 2003). In similar manner, most local communities have deeply ingrained cultural traditions or rules which relate to women owing land and granting secured tenure. In patrilineal societies, male superiority and dominance originate from historically rooted culture. Examples of women discrimination include the prohibition to allocate land to women, the right to choose a husband, and lack of accessibility to some educational programmes, reserved professions and job positions (Kanshahu, 2000). However, there are very few exceptions such as what is experienced in some parts of North-East India, where ‘traditionally, only the youngest daughter can inherit and only women can own land’ (UN-Habitat, 2003). The negative effects of inadequate and inequitable access to land and legal security of tenure manifest in inefficient use of land resources, inequitable distribution of wealth, worsening housing conditions, environmental degradation, poverty accentuation and regional imbalance in economic development’ (Omirin, 2002). The inequitable access to land and secured tenure constitute a major constraint to the achievement of housing and city for all. Whereas much attention has been devoted to housing problems, albeit to little effect, not enough attention is being paid to the constraint of land accessibility – which in fact, constitutes serious obstacles to efficient housing provision (Omirin, 2003) and sustainable urban development. No time in the history of mankind has there been a greater realization of the well being of women as a social group than the recent times. This is manifested in increased interests by governments of nations and their local agencies, non-governmental organisations, the international organisations and their agencies and the women liberation organisations in matters concerning women (Bogunjoko-Adukwu, 2000). Among scholars all over the world, there is also heightened interest in gender research. This paper is a review of gender analysis of access to land and legal security of tenure, most especially in the Third World cities.
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    GROWTH AND CHALLENGES OF URBAN SPRAWL IN SULEJA, NIGER STATE
    (Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, 2017) Idowu, Olusegun Owoeye; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda; Ohadugha, C.B.; Abdulyekeen, Abdulazeez Ola; Raheem, Wakeel Adeyemi
    This paper aimed at examining the growth and challenges of urban sprawl in four selected peri-urban neighbourhoods of Suleja: Maje, Paulossa, Chassa and Gwazunnu. The objectives are to: examine the pattern of development; determine the factors responsible for spread; and analyze the challenges of urban sprawl development. The data employed were sourced from primary and secondary sources. The primary data were sourced from questionnaire administration. A systematic random sampling method was used in the selection of 320 respondents in these four neighbourhoods. The questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive method The Google earth image maps of the neighbourhoods were downloaded and geo-referenced. The Google earth image map was digitized using GIS techniques. The study revealed that the peri-urban areas exhibited different characteristics of urban sprawl; the proximity of the town to Abuja (64.3%), ethnicity and religion (56.5%), displacement (91.6%) strongly influenced the pattern of peri-urban development; the challenges of peri-urban areas are insecurity of tenure (87%), accessibility to community facilities (98.4%), lack of infrastructure (98.4%), and poor physical planning. Thus, the suburbs of Suleja are increasingly spreading, therefore, participatory planning approach, and refurbishment of facilities and development of comprehensive land use planning are required for effective monitoring of development.
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    HARNESSING SOCIAL MEDIA AS VIABLE PLATFORMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY
    (2016) Raheem, Wasiu Mayowa; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda; Moyo, Uthman Tunde Osena; Abdulyekeen, Abdulazeez Ola
    Environmental problem is currently one of the major global challenges of the 21st century. In the past, the three components of the environment- air, soil and water were pure, virgin, undisturbed, uncontaminated and basically most hospitable. Today, the reverse is the case; this is largely due to urbanization and development of science and technology leading to total conquest of the earth by man. The results are soil erosion, flooding, pollution and land degradation among others. In the face of these numerous challenges however, it is discovered that not only the enforcement by government agencies concerned is the problem but also awareness regarding why, when, and how to prevent and manage a particular environmental problem in the immediate environment. The use of social media platforms at getting information regarding the basic requirements and management of the environment closer to as many people as possible is therefore the central theme of this paper. The various platforms of social media as well as their characteristics are discussed, and ways by which social media can accelerate environmental management are suggested to enhance environmental management and attain sustainable development.
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    HARNESSING SOCIAL MEDIA AS VIABLE PLATFORMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY
    (Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania, 2016) Raheem, Wasiu Mayowa; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda; Moyo, Uthman Tunde Osena; Abdulyekeen, Abdulazeez Ola
    Environmental problem is currently one of the major global challenges of the 21st century. In the past, the three components of the environment- air, soil and water were pure, virgin, undisturbed, uncontaminated and basically most hospitable. Today, the reverse is the case; this is largely due to urbanization and development of science and technology leading to total conquest of the earth by man. The results are soil erosion, flooding, pollution and land degradation among others. In the face of these numerous challenges however, it is discovered that not only the enforcement by government agencies concerned is the problem but also awareness regarding why, when, and how to prevent and manage a particular environmental problem in the immediate environment. The use of social media platforms at getting information regarding the basic requirements and management of the environment closer to as many people as possible is therefore the central theme of this paper. The various platforms of social media as well as their characteristics are discussed, and ways by which social media can accelerate environmental management are suggested to enhance environmental management and attain sustainable development.
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    Heterogeneous ensemble with combined dimensionality reduction for social spam detection
    (International Association of Online Engineering, 2021) Oladepo, Abdulfatai Ganiyu; Bajeh, Amos Orenyi; Balogun, Abdullateef Oluwagbemiga; Mojeed, Hammed Adeleye; Salman, Abdulsalam Abiodun; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda
    Spamming is one of the challenging problems within social networks which involves spreading malicious or scam content on a network; this often leads to a huge loss in the value of real-time social network services, compromise the user and system reputation and jeopardize users trust in the system. Existing methods in spam detection still suffer from misclassification caused by redundant and irrelevant features in the dataset as a result of high dimensionality. This study presents a novel framework based on a heterogeneous ensemble method and a hybrid dimensionality reduction technique for spam detection in micro-blogging social networks. A hybrid of Information Gain (IG) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (dimensionality reduction) was implemented for the selection of important features and a heterogeneous ensemble consisting of Naïve Bayes (NB), K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Logistic Regression (LR) and Repeated Incremental Pruning to Produce Error Reduction (RIPPER) classifiers based on Average of Probabilities (AOP) was used for spam detection. To empirically investigate its performance, the proposed framework was applied on MPI_SWS and SAC’13 Tip spam datasets and the developed models were evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, f-measure, and area under the curve (AUC). From the experimental results, the proposed framework (Ensemble + IG + PCA)outperformed other experimented methods on studied spam datasets. Specifically, the proposed framework had an average accuracy value of 87.5%, an average precision score of 0.877, an average recall value of 0.845, an average F-measure value of 0.872 and an average AUC value of 0.943. Also, the proposed framework had better performance than some existing approaches. Consequently, this study has shown that addressing high dimensionality in spam datasets, in this case, a hybrid of IG and PCA with a heterogeneous ensemble method can produce a more effective model for detecting spam contents.
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    IMPACTS OF MATERIALS ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA.
    (Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, 2015) Adebiyi, Ranti Taibat; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda
    The study of construction project success is gaining increasing attention as the industry faced problems of time and cost overruns. This paper presents the results of a research project which aims at determining the effects of materials on success rate of construction of housing project in Lagos State of Nigeria. The paper highlights the impacts of construction materials on time and cost overruns. Three hundred and seventy (370) randomly selected residential projects were interviewed through the questionnaire. Project-related variables affecting the on-time delivery of materials to the construction site are examined and quantified. The material selection period, type of materials and their availability in the local market all demonstrated a significant impact on the on-time delivery of materials to construction sites.
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    INDIGENOUS PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
    (2015) Raheem, Wasiu Mayowa; Bako, Abdullateef Iyanda
    Colonialism and pervasive dominance of effects of globalization have robbed Africa of her rich and well cherished traditions. The values, norms and traditions with which traditional societies planned and administered their domains in a peaceful manner have been eroded. While the virtues embedded in these values have fast disappeared, the resultant vices hunt and destroy the modern day socio- economic fabrics and threaten our general existence. This paper therefore explores the traditional practices, norms and values, lessons therein and challenges they face in the contemporary time. The study employed Key Informant Interviews (KII) as method of data collection. Old people who are (embodiments of traditional values and norms) in some selected indigenous rural areas in Oyo state were interviewed. What informed this sample is the traditional knowledge base of the issues being investigated. Content analysis was thereafter used to present the results. Findings showed that plethora of indigenous practices were used in the past to administer economic, socio- cultural, political and environmental issues and had yielded good results. It also revealed that most of these norms and traditional values had been very efficiently used to promote good planning and discourage maladministration. Conversely, the study found out that most of these values, norms and practices were eroded as a result of contact with Colonialism, western civilization and inferiority complex on the part of African people. The paper therefore recommends the revival of traditional norms and values, incorporating same into school curricular. Also, government at all levels should promote the use of indigenous languages since most of these values and norms are housed in the languages.