Browsing by Author "Annongu, A.A."
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Item Evaluation of the Nutritional Composition and Phytochemical screening of an Exotic and Wild Species of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus-sajor caju)(Nigerian Journal of Agriculture Food and Environment, Published by Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria., 2013) Kayode, R.M.O.; Olakulehin, T.F.; Annongu, A.A.; Sola-Ojo, F.E.; Oyeyinka, S.A.; Kayode, B.I.Mushroom is use in the preparation of several delicacies in many part of Nigeria, There is dearths of information on the nutritional qualities of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor caju) cultivated on gmelina wood waste. Hence, this study is designed to ascertain the nutritional composition and phytochemical properties of indigenous wild species of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor caju) and the exotic species that is commercially grown on gmelina wood waste at the Forestry Research Institute in Ibadan, Nigeria. The samples were obtained and analysed for proximate, mineral and phytochemical properties on dry weight basis using standard methods. Results of Proximate analyses of the exotic and wild oyster mushroom samples were: moisture (7.00 and 7.15%), protein (19.30 and 25.24%), crude fat (7.24 and 6.65%), crude fibre (7.47 and 7.05%), total ash (7.13 and 8.25%) and carbohydrate by difference (51.86 and 45.66%) respectively. Qualitative analysis of both samples showed the presence of the following phytochemicals: alkaloid, saponin, tannin, cardiac glycosides and flavonoid. The quantitative analysis of the phytochemical properties of the exotic specie’s showed saponin (4.05%), flavonoid (0.06%) tannin (0.27%) cardiac glycosides (0.63%) and alkaloid (10.05%); while, the wild specie showed saponin (3.03%), flavonoid (0.09%), tannin (0.30%) cardiac glycosides (1.45%) and alkaloid (9.64%). Alkaloid seems to be the most predominant phytochemical in the two mushroom species. The values obtained for the predominant minerals content of the exotic sample were: potassium (mg/100g), magnesium (154.75mg/100g), calcium (142.79 mg/100g) and iron (116.90mg/100g); Most of the values were lower compared with the values of the wild counterpart as follow: potassium (665.89mg/100g), magnesium (162.93mg/100g), calcium (147.23mg/100g) and iron (125.61mg/100g). The other minerals for the exotic species ranged from 68.75mg/100g (manganese) to 0.22mg/100g (molybdenum) while, the wild specie ranged from 72.79mg/100g (manganese) to 0.16mg/100g (molybdenum). This study concluded that oyster mushroom grown on gmelina wood waste favourably compared with the wild counterpart and has potential for use as acceptable human foodItem Investigation of the toxicity levels of supplemental dietary DL-methionine for poultry in a tropical environment(Society of Animal Production, Department of livestock and Avian Science, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, 2014) Annongu, A.A.; Karim, O.R.; Sola-Ojo, F.E.; Kayode, R.M.O.; Adeyemi, K.D.The study investigated the effect of supplementing dietary methionine on growth performance, serum biochemistry and liver histology in cockerels. A total of three hundred 1 day- old cockerel chicks were randomly assigned to diets containing 0.10, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45 or 0.55% of dietary methionine in a completely randomized design and fed for six weeks. Feed intake, weight gain, survival rate, serum cholesterol, transaminase activities and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values and liver histology were determined. The result showed that feed intake and growth rate decreased with increasing level of dietary methionine although not significant (p> 0.05), while survival rate was 100% regardless of dietary treatments. Birds fed 0.10, 0.25 and 0.35% methionine had significantly higher (p< 0.05) weight gain, feed efficiency and HDL cholesterol but lower (p<0.05) LDL cholesterol and TBARS values than those fed 0.45 and 0.55% methionine. The activities of gamma glutamyl transaminase (GGT) and alanine transaminase (ALT) was significantly higher in birds fed 0.10 and 0.25 than 0.35, 0.45 and 0.55% methionine while aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity decrease significantly (p< 0.05) with increasing levels of methionine. Normal hepatic architecture was observed in liver of birds fed 0.10 and 0.25% methionine while those fed higher levels had distorted hepatic architecture, the severity of which increased with increasing levels of methionine. Thus, inclusion of supplemented dietary methionine above 0.25% is likely to create health hazards in poultry in a tropical environment like Nigeria.Item Investigation on Biochemically Processed Castor Seed Meal in Nutrition and Physiology of Japanese Quails(Islamic, Azad University, Rasht Branch, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Pol-e Taleshan, Rasht, Iran., 2017) Annongu, A.A.; Atteh, J.O.; Joseph, J.K.; Belewu, M.A.; Adeyina, A.O.; Akanbi, A.S.; Yusuff, A.T.; Sola-Ojo, F.E.; Ajide, S.O.; Chimezie, V.O.; Edoh, J.H.Native de-oiled and treated castor seed meal was subjected to proximate analysis and quantification of anti-nutrients (phytochemicals). Seed cake was treated by biochemical technique of solid state fermentation with Aspergillus niger and addition of calcium oxide (CaO) to give treated castor seed meal (TCSM). One hundred and twenty Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were fed four (4) iso-nitrogemous and iso-caloric diets containing 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% TCSM corresponding to the diet 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. While the feeding trial lasted for 56 days, feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Data on proximate composition showed that raw seed, defatted residue (cake) and the processed castor seed meal contained valuable nutrients like dry matter, crude protein, fat, fibre, mineral matter and soluble carbohydrate (NFE). Phytochemical quantification gave high levels of the anti-nutrients such as ricin, allergens, ricinine in the raw seed. However, levels of these phytochemicals were reduced by defatting and treatments of the cake meal by solid state fermentation, A. niger and CaO. Performance traits indicated decreases in feed intake, weight gain, growth and increases in mortality rates especially on the diet with the highest (7.5%) inclusion of TCSM compared to the control diet (P<0.05). Nutrients retentions on the test feedstuff were not comparable with values on the reference diet on soluble carbohydrate values which decreased with increasing CSM (P<0.05) relative to the control diet. In haematological parameters packed cell volume (PCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values on diets with TCSM were exceptionally high relative to the control diet (P<0.05). However, biochemical indices (serum protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were not influenced by dietary CSM (P>0.05). Enzyme activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) showed decreasing trend with increasing level of CSM in diets (P<0.05). Profiling electrolytes in the fed quails showed significant variations in concentrations of Ca++ and HCO3- on TCSM based diets (P<0.05) comparable with the control diet values. Conclusively, despite treating CSM by solid state fermentation with A. niger and CaO addition in this trial, TCSM addition still appears to induce toxic and deleterious effects on the quails. Subsequent works to enable inclusions at acceptable and higher levels after treatments are on-going.Item Performance and Hematology indices of Broiler Chickens fed Mono-Culture Fungal Fermented Mango (Mangifera indica) Kernel Cake.(Published by Society of Animal Science, Department of Livestock & Avian Science, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka., 2013) Kayode, R.M.O.; Ojiako, F.A.; Ogundun, N.J.; Annongu, A.A.; Abdulsalam, K.O.; Adeyemi, K.D.A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing maize with different mono-culture fungal fermented Mango kernel Cake at 20% inclusion level on performance and hematology indices in starter broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty 1day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to six treatment groups of 60 chicks each in a completely randomized design. The treatments were the Control, Unfermented mango kernel cake (UMKC), Rhizopus oligosporus fermented mango kernel cake (Ro), Aspergillus niger fermented mango kernel cake (An), Rhizopus stolonifer fermented Mango kernel cake (Rs) and Penicillium chrysogenum fermented mango kernel cake (Pc). The highest total body weight gain of 494.45g was observed with birds fed control diet which was not significantly (p> 0.05) different from birds fed diets Ro (469.66g), An (483.92g) and Pc (492.52g) but differ (p< 0.05) from UMKC (408.04g). Birds fed Pc diet had higher feed intake that was significantly (p< 0.05) different from other treatments. Birds fed UMKC had a significantly lower protein, fibre and ash retention and lower feed efficiency than other treatments. However, fat retention does not differ (p> 0.05) among treatments. The hematological parameters of the birds fed different diets were within normal range except the values of PCV (16.00%) obtained for the birds fed UMKC which was significantly lower (p< 0.05) than other treatments. Fungi fermented mango kernel cake could be used to replace maize in diet of broiler starter without deleterious effects on performance, nutrient retention and hematological indices.Item Seed Protein and Minerals Utilization from Moringa: Toxicological and Physiological Implications of Phyto-chemicals and Heavy Metals in Fed Broilers(Society of Animal Production, Department of livestock and Avian Science, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka., 2014) Annongu, A.A.; Belewu, M.A.; Karim, O.R.; Adeyina, O.A.; Kayode, R.M.O.; Sola-Ojo, F.E.; Aremu, J.O.Investigations on the utilization of nutrients from full-fat Moringa oleifera seed meal (FMOSM) and the toxicological and physiological implications of the seeds phytochemicals and heavy metals on utilization of the nutrients were conducted. Dietary FMOSM was offered to broiler chicks at hatch for 4-weeks in a one-way classification design experiment. Response criteria from the birds were determined on nutrients utilization, bioavailability of minerals including heavy metals and effects on blood constituents and metabolites. FMOSM was included in diets at graded levels of 0.00, 7.50, 10.00, 12.50 and 15.00% for diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Increasing level of virgin seed meal in diets caused a concomitant decrease in almost all the indices measured (p < 0.05), probably due to the anti-nutrients/toxic factors in the unprocessed seed meal. The birds utilized the rich minerals content of M. oleifera including its heavy metals, which prolonged consumption might be inimical to the health status of the experimental animal models. It was therefore concluded that untreated full-fat seed meal be included in diets for poultry not beyond 10% for optimum results.