Browsing by Author "Amali, Mohammed"

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    Acute Toxicity Study and Evaluation of the Anxiolytic Activity of the Ethanol Leaf Extract of Bryophyllum Pinnatum (Kurz) in Mice
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice, 2019-04) Amali, Mohammed; Atunwa, Soliu; Aiyelero, Medinat; Usman, Shukurat; Olapade, Akeem; Oyedotun, Eniola; Omotesho, Quadri
    Introduction: Anxiety is a psychiatric disorder and identified as the most common stress-related mood disorders causing disability and premature death. Due to the several adverse effects of conventional anxiolytics that have reduced the compliance tendencies of patients, alternative therapies are being sought. Although, studies have shown relative central nervous system effects of different fractions of Bryophyllum pinnatum, no study has specifically evaluated the anxiolytic activity of the ethanol leaf extract of the plant (EEBP) hence, this study. Materials and Methods: Mice (22–25 g) were randomly distributedinto six groups (n = 5) and administered thus: Group I and II received intraperitoneally 1 mL/kg saline and 1 mg/kg diazepam as negative and positive controls respectively whereas Groups III, IV, V and VI received oral doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg of B. pinnatum extract respectively followed by open field (OF) paradigm procedure. Similarly, the pattern of EEBP administration was repeated for the mice and then subjected to Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test. Data were expressed as Mean ± Standard Error of Mean (SEM) using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test. Results were regarded as significant at values of P < 0.05. Result: LD50 of EEBP is greater than 2000 mg/kg. EEBP exhibited a significant decrease in locomotion and rearing of mice at 500 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg respectively. Contrarily, a significant increase in the duration of time spent by the mice in the open arm was observed at 1000 mg/kg whereas, none of the treated doses showed a significant reduction in the frequencies of entries in the EPM paradigm. However, EEBP showed a reduction in the index of open arm avoidance compared to the saline group. Conclusion: EEBP exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory central effects and may possess potential anxiolytic effect. However, further studies are required to determine its molecular mechanism of action ___________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Bryophyllum pinnatum, anxiolytics, elevated plus maze, Open Field test, Open Arm Avoidance Index
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    Anti-nociceptive Potential of Ethanol Extract of Terminalia macroptera Guill&Perr (Combretaceae) Stem Bark in Mice
    (National Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2020-12) Atunwa, Soliu; Amali, Mohammed; Lawal, Sikiru; Usman, Sukurat; Olapade, Akeem
    Background: Terminalia macroptera Guill. &Perr. (Combretaceae) is a flowering plant with several ethno-medicinal claims. However, the dearth of information on its analgesic property has necessitated this study. Objectives: to evaluate the anti-nociceptive potential of ethanol extract of Terminalia macroptera stem bark (TMSB) in mice. Materials and Methods: Male and female mice of weight range 22 – 25g were randomly allotted into seven groups (n= 5) and treated as follows: Group I received 0.5 mL distilled water orally (negative control), Groups II-V were orally administered ethanol extract of T. macroptera stem bark (TMSB) at 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg respectively while groups VI-VII received piroxicam 10 mg/kg and pentazocine 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally respectively as standards. The same treatment pattern was adopted for both pain models: tail immersion and acetic acid-induced writhing assays. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s and Bonferroni's multiple comparisons tests with p < 0.05 taken as significance. Results: The ethanolic extract of Terminalia macroptera stem bark showed significant dose-dependent anti-nociceptive activity at 100 and 400 mg/kg (2.95±0.41 and 2.9±0.31 respectively) 60 min post-treatment compared to the negative control group in the tail immersion test. Significant inhibition of nociception (0.20±0.20) was obtained at 400 mg/kg compared to the negative control group in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Conclusions: The ethanol extract of Terminalia macroptera stem bark exhibited dose-dependent anti-nociceptive potential in both tail immersion and acetic acid-induced writhing assays in mice.
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    Assessment of anxiolytic potential and acute toxicity study of Combretum micranthum G. Don. leaves (Combretaceae)
    (Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development, 2020-12-18) Amali, Mohammed; Atunwa, Soliu; Omotesho, Quadri; Oyedotun, Eniola; Olapade, Akeem
    Background: Combretum micranthum G. Don. (Combretaceae) is an ethnomedicinally valuable, undomesticated and indigenous shrub of West Africa. However, its anxiolytic potential have not been reported despite its ethanolic extract being used ethnomedicinally in the management of anxiety disorders. Aim: To determine the acute toxicity effect and assess the behavioural effects and anxiolytic potential of C. micranthum G. Don. leaves in mice. Settings: This study is an experimental design to evaluate the ethnomedicinal claim of Combretum micranthum G. Don using animal models of anxiety. Methods: Fifty-six male and female mice, ranging in weight between 20 g and 30 g were randomly distributed into three main groups. The first group of mice (n = 6) was assigned for toxicity assessment (LD50) study using the guideline of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The second group of mice for behavioural study (n = 25) was further divided into five sub-groups. Sub-groups I, II and III were orally administered 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of C. micranthum (CmEE), respectively, whilst IV and V were intraperitoneally administered 1 mg/kg diazepam and normal saline 0.5 mL, respectively. They were thereafter evaluated for novelty-induced behaviours: locomotion, rearing and grooming using Open Field Test (OFT). The third group of mice (n = 25) was treated similar to the pattern used in behavioural study and evaluated for anxiolytic activity of CmEE using elevated plus maze (EPM) model. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (S.E.M) and analysed using Student’s-t test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Student–Newman– Keuls (SNK) test with values of p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: The percentage yield of ethanolic leaf extract of C. micranthum was 14.28% weight/ weight (w/w). Combretum micranthum showed no toxicity when administered orally to mice (LD50 ≥ 2000 mg/kg). Groups administered 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of CmEE exhibited decreased locomotion (p < 0.05) when compared with saline group. There was significant decrease in rearing at 2000 mg/kg but increase in grooming in mice administered 2000 mg/kg of CmEE was recorded. The groups administered 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of CmEE showed increased percentage time spent in the open arm in a dose-dependent pattern (33.3%, 41.6% and 55.4%, respectively) when compared with the saline group. There were significant dosedependent decreases in the indices of open arm avoidance at 1000 (48.9) and 2000 mg/kg (41.4) of CmEE. Conclusion: Combretum micranthum is non-toxic and preliminary data indicated that it possesses anxiolytic potential. However, it is recommended that further assays using other specific models of anxiety to determine its probable mechanism(s) of action should be explored. Keywords: Combretum micranthum; Combretaceae; anxiety disorders; elevated plus maze; open field test; locomotion; rearing; grooming; index of open arm avoidance.
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    Characterization of anti-drug antibodies and drug-responsive B-lymphocytes in piperacillin hypersensitive patients with cystic fibrosis
    (Clinical and Translational Allergy, 2014-04) Amali, Mohammed; Sullivan, Andrew; FArrell, John; Meng, Xaoli; Jenkins, Roz; Whitaker, Paul; Peckham, Daniel; Park, B Kevin; Naisbitt, Dean J
    Cystic fibrosis is the most common autosomal recessive condition in Caucasians and recurrent infections lead to a plethora of complications. Repeated courses of high dose intravenous b-lactam antibiotics, such as piperacillin, are employed for the treatment of respiratory exacerbations. Unfortunately, delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions develop in between 26-50% of treated patients. We have recently described the cellular immunological processes that underlie drug-specific response in hypersensitive patients; however, the involvement of the humoral immune system has not been studied. The aim of this study was to quantify piperacillin-specific antibodies in plasma of hypersensitive and tolerant patients and investigate whether B-cells can be stimulated to secrete antibodies in vitro following drug stimulation. Drug-specific antibodies were quantified by ELISA using piperacillin modified BSA as an antigen. Adducts generated using different drug-protein ratios were used to measure the degree of conjugation that elicits an antibody response. BSA was modified with different b-lactam antibiotics to define structural specificity. Specificity for the piperacillin BSA adduct was confirmed by hapten inhibition. Mass spectrometry was used to characterize the Lys residues modified with piperacillin. B-cells isolated from PBMC were cultured with piperacillin for 5 days and IgG secretion and B-cell activation was measured using ELISpot and flow cytometry (CD19, CD27), respectively. A significantly higher level of anti-piperacillin IgG antibody was detected in plasma of hypersensitive patients when hypersensitive and tolerant patients were compared. Hapten inhibition ELISA confirmed specificity for the piperacillin antigenic determinant. Antibody binding was detected with adducts generated at piperacillin:BSA ratios between 1:1 and 100:1. In contrast, antibody binding was not detectable with penicillin G, amoxicillin or aztreonam BSA conjugates. IgG antibody secretion was also detected from purified B-cells from hypersensitive patients cultured with soluble piperacillin. Drug treatment was associated with increased expression of the B-cell activation marker CD27. These data begin to describe the drug-specific humoral immune response in piperacillin hypersensitive patients with cystic fibrosis. Further work is needed to define the role different antibody subtypes play in the disease pathogenesis.
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    Characterization of the B cell response in Piperacillin Hypersensitive patients with Cystic Fibrosis
    (Programme and Abstract Book of the Annual Congress of the Bristish Society of Immunology (BSI), Liverpool, Uk, 2013-12) Amali, Mohammed; Sullivan, Andrew; Farrell, John; NAisbitt, Dean
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    Phytochemical, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause (Anacadiaceae)
    (Journal off Pharmacy and Bioresources, 2018-09) Njinga, Ngaitad; Sule, Mohammed; Shittu, Abiodun; David, Susan; Amali, Mohammed; Bolaji, Abdulkareem; Abdullahi, Saad; Atunwa, Soliu; Hassan, Halima; Eniayewu, Oluwasegun
    The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion. Keywords: Lannea kerstingii; Anticonvulsant; Phytochemical; Antibacterial; Phytochemistry
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    Preclinical imaging methods for assessing the safety and efficacy of regenerative medicine therapies
    (Nature Regenerative Medicine, 2017) Scarfe, Lauren; Brillant, Nathalie; Kumar, Dinesh; Ali, Noura; Alrumayh, Ahmed; Amali, Mohammed; Barbellion, Stephanie; Jones, Vendula; Niemeijer, Marije; Goldring, Chris E.P; Park, B. kevin; et.al
    Regenerative medicine therapies hold enormous potential for a variety of currently incurable conditions with high unmet clinical need. Most progress in this field to date has been achieved with cell-based regenerative medicine therapies, with over a thousand clinical trials performed up to 2015. However, lack of adequate safety and efficacy data is currently limiting wider uptake of these therapies. To facilitate clinical translation, non-invasive in vivo imaging technologies that enable careful evaluation and characterisation of the administered cells and their effects on host tissues are critically required to evaluate their safety and efficacy in relevant preclinical models. This article reviews the most common imaging technologies available and how they can be applied to regenerative medicine research. We cover details of how each technology works, which cell labels are most appropriate for different applications, and the value of multi-modal imaging approaches to gain a comprehensive understanding of the responses to cell therapy in vivo