Browsing by Author "Akanbi, Olatunde"
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Item Epidemiology and Clinicopathological Manifestation of Resurgent Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus in Nigeria, 2015(Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 2016-09) Akanbi, Olatunde; Meseko, Clement; Odita, Christiana; Shittu, Ismalia; Rimfa, Amos; Ugbe, Dominic; Pam, Luka; Gado, Dorcas; Olawuyi, Kayode; Mohammed, S; Kyauta, I; Bankole, Niyi; Ndahi, W; Joannis, Tony; Ahmed, M; Okewole, P; Shamaki, DavidIn January, 2015 the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria received some chicken carcasses from the Kano state Ministry of Agriculture. The carcasses were from a backyard-commercial poultry farm and a live bird market (LBM) in Kauna and Sabon gari, Kano state, northwestern Nigeria respectively. The farm kept different types of chickens of various ages and stages and was experiencing high mortality of 350 birds daily with eventual 100% mortality observed in the older birds (54weeks). In a concurrent incidence, reports were received of unusual high mortality of birds brought from the northern part of the country at two LBMs in Onipanu and Mushin, Lagos state, southwestern Nigeria. A total of 8 chicken carcasses from the Kano suspicion were subjected to postmortem examination and testing. One broiler-chicken (4weeks old), 4 layer-chicken (22 weeks old) and 3 indigenous bred-chickens (from LBM) showed severe pathological lesions consistent with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Moribund birds from the Lagos suspicion had cyanotic comb and wattles, torticollis and paralysis of the limbs. Parenchymatous organs, nasal and trachea swabs were collected from the dead and moribund birds respectively. The specimens were analyzed by RT-PCR and virus isolation in embryonating chicken eggs. All samples were found to be positive for HPAI (H5N1) subtype. This marks the re-introduction of HPAI (H5N1) subtype into Nigeria for a second time in the space of 9-years. So far, over 542 cases (January to December, 2015) have been confirmed positive for HPAI (H5N1) in 20 states of the country. Possible circumstances surrounding the resurgent and spread are discussed herein.Item Epidemiology, pathology and immunohistochemical detection of Nigerian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infection in chickens(Nigeria Veterinary Medical Association, 2007) Akanbi, Olatunde; Teifke, Jens; Ekong, Pius; Ighodalo, E T; Oyetunde, I L; Ogunsan, E A; Makinde, A ANigeria experienced an outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in both commercial and local poultry populations during January, 2006 as an extension of the global outbreaks. Up till August 2007, a total of 25 States of the 36 States of the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) have been affected by these outbreaks that occurred in about 200 premises, causing the death of millions of chickens. In younger birds and local chickens HPAI viruses caused rapid widespread mortality with minimal clinical evidence of disease while manifestation of clinical disease tended to be more overt with older flocks. Birds with HPAI typically presented with nonspecific signs of severe progressive depression, anorexia, decreased activity, huddling, and ruffled feathers. Somnolence, prostration, conjunctival pallor, catarrhal rhinitis, swollen and cyanotic combs and wattles sometimes congested and haemorrhagic, greenish-yellow diarrhoea, during high morbidity with mortalities up to 100% were observed in affected commercial and local flocks. Following confirmatory diagnosis by virus isolation, investigation of the organ predilections of the virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues using histopathology and immunohistochemistry were carried out. Histologic lesions were observed in multiple organs and were characterized by hemorrhage, necrosis, mild inflammatory exudate, or a combination of these. In particular, the lung, heart, brain, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, combs and wattles were the most consistently affected tissues, which corroborated with the high predilection of viral antigen detected by immunohistochemistry in these organs. The advantage of immunohistochemistry over other diagnostic methods in HPAI diagnosis is invaluable in retrospective studies of FFPE tissues. In the near future, work up of cases which had similar lesions which may have been misdiagnosed or ignored due to the non incidence of HPAI in Nigeria prior to that period would be conducted.Item Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Tissues of Chickens are Useful for Retrospective Studies on Pathology of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAI) Outbreaks in Nigeria(Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 2017) Akanbi, Olatunde; Fereidouni, Sesan; Taiwo, Victor; Starick, Elke; Okewole, Philip; Binder, Alfred; Heenemann, Kristin; Teifke, JensIn a retrospective study, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) archival tissues from chickens obtained during outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 that occurred in Nigeria in 2006 and 2007. Ten samples as representative of 10 outbreaks were selected, and following the detection of HPAI viral antigen in different chicken tissues using IHC, RNA was extracted from each sample and molecular analysis was performed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) targeting matrix protein. Seven rRT-PCR positive samples were then subjected to conventional and rRT-PCR assays for the amplification of hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Four of them were further characterized by sequence analysis of a short HA2-part of the H5 gene. Along the 154 nucleotides sequenced, differences at 4 positions were detected in one sample. One of these mutations led to an amino acid exchange at position 544 (Ala>Thr) whereas the others were silent. The study suggests the potential application for retrospective IHC and PCR analysis of FFPE tissues from chickens involved in the AI outbreaks for pathologic studies and providing short fragment sequences which may help in the characterization of viral strains and tracing the outbreaks. This is important as archived poultry tissues can be re-examined for possibility of earlier introduction of the virus.Item Natural outbreak of Marek’s disease in indigenous chicken and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria(Open Veterinary Journal, 2019-05-24) Adedeji, Adeyinka; Akanbi, Olatunde; Luka, Pam; Abdu, PaulCarcasses of an indigenous adult chicken and Japanese quail from different flocks were presented to a veterinary clinic for postmortem (PM) examination in 2014 in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. PM observations revealed cutaneous, hepatic, and splenic tumors in the Indigenous chicken. The quail carcass was emaciated with hepatic tumors. Histopathology revealed severe focally extensive non-encapsulated circumscribed large nodules with pleomorphic population of cells mainly composed of lymphoplasmacytic and mixed neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the chicken. The pleomorphic infiltration of lymphohistioplasmacytic cells mixed with neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the quail was consistent with Marek’s disease virus (MDV) infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out, and the Meq oncogene of the MDV was amplified in the samples collected from the chicken and quail to confirm the presence of the virulent MDV. The samples were also subjected to PCR for detection of MDV Rispens CVI988 vaccine strain which was detected in both chicken and quail samples. The findings in this study represent the first report of confirmatory diagnosis of MD using histopathology in an indigenous chicken and Japanese quail in Nigeria. It is also the first report of the detection of MDV Rispens CVI988 vaccine strain in unvaccinated chicken and quail in Nigeria.Item Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Local Chickens in Nigeria(Vom Journal of Veterinary Science, 2006) Kumbish, Peterside; Jambalang, Alex; Damina, M; Hussaini, Bakare; Oyetunde, I; Akanbi, Olatunde; Jwander, L; Danbirni, I; Elisha, I; Solomon, P; Woma, T; Bako, B; Nanbol, I; Chukwukere, S; Ardo, A; Bunshia, SHighly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) is a highly contagious viral diseases affecting the digestive, nervous, respiratory and /or reproductive systems of all domestic and wild birds. The outbreaks in local/backyard chickens were reported in 5 States (Jigawa, Kano, Nassarawa, Katsina, and Taraba). In this paper, we describe the clinical and pathological findings in local chickens during the outbreak of HPAI caused by H5N1 subtype in Nigeria and compared them with those reported in other parts of the world. The disease in local chickens in Nigeria was found to show little or no clinical signs and gross lesions. This was possible due to the fact that the birds died per acutely before signs or lesions could develop.Item Outbreak of Lumpy skin disease in a dairy farm in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria(Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2018-09) Adedeji, Adeyinka; Akanbi, Olatunde; Adole, J A; Chima, N C; Baje, MA dairy farm in Keffi, Nasarawa State, North Central Nigeria reported cases of skin infections in cattle suggestive of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in the years 2014 and 2016. During the 2016 outbreak, skin biopsies were collected for laboratory investigation using histopathology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The samples were subjected to PCR using two sets of primers which amplified the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene and RNA polymerase subunit gene (RPO30) of the LSD virus (LSDV). Clinical signs observed in the two outbreaks were similar and included ocular and nasal discharges, nodular skin lesion, and pyrexia and reduced milk production. Morbidity rate was 6.25% (25/400) in 2014 and the mortality rate was 2.5% (10/400). Furthermore, the second outbreak in 2016 had a morbidity and mortality rates of 5% (20/400) and 0.5 % (2/400) respectively. From animals that died in the 2014 outbreak, necropsy findings included nodular lesions on the skin, muzzle, in the buccal cavity and nasal mucosa. Also, congested and oedematous lungs and enlarged lymph nodes were observed. The nodular skin lesions observed during the 2016 outbreak were larger and more numerous lesions in the Sokoto Gudali. While the Holstein Friesian cross had smaller gross skin nodules with acute to sub-acute histopathologic changes. The histopathological examination of the skin biopsy of the HF was consistent with LSD viral lesions, while PCR detected the RPO30 and GPCR gene fragments of LSDV.Item SEVERE CUTANEOUS BOVINE PAPILLOMATOSIS IN A CATTLE HERD(Vom Journal of Veterinary Science, 2008) Zwandor, N J; Akalusi, Y; Ngulukun, S; Meseko, Clement; Akanbi, Olatunde; Adedeji, Adeyinka; Fagbamila, IA 5-month old zebu calf was noticed with wart-like growths on the head. These were removed surgically and tetracycline was administered. One Friesian bull in the herd was also noticed to have crusty lesions suspected to be dermatophilosis based on previous exposure, and was treated with lamstreptocide. A few months later, wartlike lesions were observed on the dorsum which later spread to other parts of the body and also spread to other animals in the herd. Papillomatosis and lumpy skin disease were suspected and samples were taken to histopathology and virology laboratories of NVRI where papillomatosis was confirmed based on clinical signs and histopathological findings. Cutaneous Bovine Papillomatosis (CBP) is a disease of economic importance, affecting breeding, hides and dairy industries. There is therefore a need for proper documentation of cases in order to determine the status of the disease in Nigeria.Item Use of Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARS) Multiplex PCR Method to Identify Eimeria Species of Chickens from Widely Distributed Geographical Areas.(Tropical Veterinarian, 2009) Ogedengbe, Mabel; Barta, J; Ogedengbe, J; Akanbi, Olatunde; Ogo, IA Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (RAPD-SCAR) maker based Multiplex-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was evaluated as a potential method of differentiating species of Eimeria oocysts in chickens. Oocysts of chicken coccidia were obtained from different geographical areas of 3 continents (Africa, North America, Europe) and genomic DNA was extracted. PCR was performed using pairs of RAPD-SCAR based primers that specifically amplify genomic DNA from six species of Eimeria found in chickens (E. maxima, E. tenella, E. acervuline, E. mitis, E. necatrix and E. brunetti) in a single reaction tube. Results showed that the method is useful in differentiating species of coccidia obtained from Nigeria, the United Kingdom, United states of America and Canada. Samples containing more than one species of Eimeria were successfully detected by the method despite low numbers of oocysts in some of the samples (less than 1000 oocysts per ml of isolate). The method demonstrates the simultaneous detection of the 6 Eimeria species affecting chickens in a single-tube multiplex PCR either as single or mxed infections; and offer a universal tool for the epidemiological study of coccidiosis in poultry.