Browsing by Author "Ajao, K. S."
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Item Assessment of physico-mechanical properties of clay deposits in Asa local government area of Kwara State Nigeria for industrial applications(Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2019) Shuaib-Babata, Yusuf Lanre; Ambali, i. i.; Ibrahim, H. K.; Ajao, K. S.; Elakhame, Z. U.; Aremu, N. I.; Odeniyi, O. M.Adequate information about the properties of most available clay materials in Nigeria is necessary to enhance their industrial applications. Availability of this information will adversely reduce importation of refractory materials and its products into the country, since the mineral resources are abundantly available in the country. This study evaluated the chemical and physico-mechanical properties of some selected clay deposits across the three districts of Asa Local Government Area (LGA) of Kwara State to ascertain their suitability for refractory and other industrial applications. The results revealed that the clay samples were mainly alumina-silica based with silica and alumina concentrations of 47.30 – 58.50% and 32.75 – 34.30% respectively. The physico-mechanical properties exhibited by the clay samples included: clay content (33.80-72.20%), linear shrinkage (6.10-9.80%), moisture content (21.00-33.00%), bulk density (1.99 - 2.87 g/cm3), apparent porosity (21.00-37.00%), permeability (73-94), compressive strength (213-840 N/mm2), thermal shock resistance (+29 cycles), specific gravity (2.18-2.52) and refractoriness (>1300oC). The properties were within the required standard values which make the clays suitable for insulating materials, refractories for low-medium thermal applications and Shuaib-Babata USEP: Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, Vol.16, No.2, 2019 et al 2728 manufacturing of ceramics. Though, Afon, Bakase and Ballah clay samples may require the addition of organic matter to enhance the clays’ suitability for applications that may require a higher value of porosity and permeability and low density. Effective utilization of Asa L.G.A. clays will help to domesticate the production of refractory products and enhance the establishment of Small and Medium Scale Foundry Enterprises in Nigeria in addressing the problem of unemploymentItem Characterisation of ovis aries horn and cocos nucifera shell particles for hybridisation in polymeric composites.(Faculty of Engineering, University of Abuja, Nigeria., 2025) Ajao, K. S.; Adebisi, J. A.; Abdulrahman, A. S.; Busari, Y. O.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Abolarin, M. S.The suitability of ovis aries (sheep) horn and Cocos nucifera (coconut) shell particles as hybrid reinforcement in polymeric composites was investigated in this work. Ovis aries horn and Cocos nucifera shell particles were prepared and characterised using TGA, XRF, FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses. Both samples exhibited appreciable thermal stability as revealed by the TGA curves. XRF analysis featured varied proportions of similar elemental and oxides constituents known to possess good reinforcement characteristics, while SEM micrographs revealed that NaOH treatment of Cocos nucifera shell particles had desirable effect on the fibres surface. XRD patterns of the NaOH treated Cocos nucifera shell particles featured minor peak around 2θ = 35o, suggesting a little alteration in crystallinity. FTIR analysis established the presence of amine groups and disulphide bond in the ovis aries horn, and potentially reactive carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups in the Cocos nucifera shell. Removal of waxy materials, part of lignin and hemicellulose, and reduction in hydroxyl groups of Cocos nucifera shell particles after NaOH treatment were confirmed by FTIR analysis. Hence, the potential of hybridising ovis aries horn and Cocos nucifera shell particles as reinforcement in polymeric composites development is high.Item CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF MAHOGANY (KHAYA IVORENSIS) DUST-EGG SHELL-EPOXY COMPOSITES(Faculty of Engineering, Hunedoara University of Politechnica, Timisoara, Romania, 2021) Ajao, K. S.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Adegboola, J. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Obanise, T. E.The conversion of bio-agricultural wastes into composite material for engineering applications is a strategy to add more value in waste utilization and help in the composites with epoxy resin and 10 wt.% NaOH treated Khaya ivorensis dust and egg shell particles were prepared by open molding technique. Tensile strength, flexural strength and hardness tests were carried out to evaluate the composite mechanical properties. The results showed that the tensile and flexural strengths increase with addition of reinforcement materials. The composite sample with 3 wt.% wood dust and 10 wt.% egg shell particles displayed highest tensile strength of 34.87 MPa, while the composite sample with 10 wt.% wood dust and 10 wt.% egg shell particles have highest flexural strength. Hardness value of the composite increases with addition of reinforcement materials and maximum at 5 wt.% wood dust and 10 wt.% egg shell particles. In addition, water absorption characteristics of the composite increases with increasing percentage of wood dust. Optimum composition of wood dust and egg shell can be used to produce polymer matrix composites with good mechanical properties.Item Characterization of a feldspar mineral from Adogo, Ajaokuta deposit.(Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria., 2022) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Abdulraman, S. O.; Busari, Y. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Yusuf, O. M.This study considered the suitability of Adogo feldspar deposit in Kogi State, Nigeria for glass and ceramic production. The feldspar's sample was characterised through analysis of its physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. The results of the physical analysis showed that the mineral has a bulk density of 1.3551 g/cm3 and tapped density of 1.5209 g/cm3, which was used to determine the compressibility index and Hausner ratio. The index shows that the powdered mineral has a good flow character. The result also revealed that the mineral has a very low percentage of moisture content (1.75%) and clay content of 2.9%. Meanwhile, the chemical analysis showed that the feldspar mineral has dominant elements of Silicon (70%) and Aluminium (20%), with 73% and 23% oxides of silicon and aluminium respectively, negligible values of other elements and oxides in the feldspar. The mineralogical analysis revealed that the feldspar deposit was of low grade soda feldspar, while the phases present showed that the mineral was a low-grade feldspar Albite Feldspar. Though, the physical and chemical properties of the feldspar revealed the potential of the feldspar as a suitable raw material in ceramics and glass industry but further beneficiation was needed to meet suitability for the production of ceramic and glass.Item CHARACTERIZATION OF BARUTEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KWARA STATE (NIGERIA) FIRECLAYS AS SUITABLE REFRACTORY MATERIALS(Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,, 2018-04) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Yaru, S. S.; Abdulkareem, S.; Busari, Y. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Mohammed, G. A.Studies have shown that adequate attention needs to be paid on processing of solid minerals that are potentially available in Nigeria to address its economic problem. Clays from five major towns in Baruten Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria were examined using ASTM guidelines to determine their suitability for refractory applications. The clay samples were classified as Alumino-Silicate refractories due to high values of Al2O3 and SiO2. The results showed apparent porosity (19.4-25.6%), bulk density (1.83-1.90 g/cm3), cold crushing strength (38.7-56.1 N/mm2), linear shrinkage (4.4 – 9.3%), clay contents (52.71-67.83%), moisture content (17.0-23.6%), permeability (68-82 cmsec-1), plasticity (16.7-30.4%), refractoriness (>1300oC) and Thermal Shock Resistance (23-25 cycles) for the clay samples, which were measurable with the established standards for fireclays, refractory clays/brick lining or alumina-silicates and kaolin. Hence, the natural clays could suitably replace imported clays in some refractory applications. Appropriate use of information from this study would improve Nigeria’s industrialization and economic diversification.Item CHARACTERIZATION OF BARUTEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KWARA STATE (NIGERIA) FIRECLAYS AS SUITABLE REFRACTORY MATERIALS(Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, 2018-04) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Yaru, S. S.; Abdulkareem, S.; Busari, Y. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Mohammed, G. A.Item Characterization of Belle Natural Moulding Sand for Foundry Applications(Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2019-01) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Nafiu, M. B.; Ajao, K. S.; Ambali, I. O.; Elakhame, Z. U.; Busari, Y. O.; Hassan, H. K.; Aremu, N. I.There exists vast availability of natural sands which may be suitable for foundry applications in different locations Kwara State in particular and generally in Nigeria. The sands need to be identified and characterised for productive and profitable foundry practices. In this study, assessment of chemical and physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand in Belle community of Kwara State, Nigeria was carried out to ascertain its suitability for foundry applications. The analysis of the sand samples’ Chemical compositions were done using an XRF Analyser, while American foundry-men Society, ASTM and British standards laboratory tests procedures were adopted appropriately to determine the sand’s physico-mechanical properties. The results of chemical composition analysis showed that SiO2 have dominance proportion in the sand sample with an average value of 92.90 %, followed by Al2O3 (5.13%). CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O, ZnO and MnO were present within acceptable limits as trace elements. The results showed average physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand sample to include grain fineness number (126), bulk density (1765 Kg/m3), moisture contents (7.66%), specific gravity (2.64), permeability (0.1cm/s), green compressive strength (51KN/m2), dry compressive strength (209KN/m2), flowability (65.22%), clay content (10%) shatter index (76%) and refractoriness (>900oC), which were within the required standards for casting of non-ferrous metal. Thus, Belle sand was found suitable for casting of non-ferrous metals. Though, there may be a need for the use of additives like bentonite, to enhance the sand’s clay content in order to increase the sand potential for foundry applicationsItem Characterization of Belle Natural Moulding Sand for Foundry Applications(USEP: Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, 2019) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Nafiu, M. B.; Ajao, K. S.; Ambali, I. O.; Elakhame, Z. U.; Busari, Y. O.; Ibrahim, H. K.; Aremu, N. I.There exists vast availability of natural sands which may be suitable for foundry applications in different locations Kwara State in particular and generally in Nigeria. The sands need to be identified and characterised for productive and profitable foundry practices. In this study, assessment of chemical and physicomechanical properties of the natural moulding sand in Belle community of Kwara State, Nigeria was carried out to ascertain its suitability for foundry applications. The analysis of the sand samples’ Chemical compositions were done using an XRF Analyser, while American foundry-men Society, ASTM and British standards laboratory tests procedures were adopted appropriately to determine the sand’s physico-mechanical properties. The results of chemical composition analysis showed that SiO2 have dominance proportion in the sand sample with an average value of 92.90 %, followed by Al2O3 (5.13%). CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O, ZnO and MnO were present within acceptable limits as trace elements. The results showed average physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand sample to include grain fineness number (126), bulk density (1765 Kg/m3), moisture contents (7.66%), specific gravity (2.64), permeability (0.1cm/s), green compressive strength (51KN/m2), dry compressive strength (209KN/m2), flowability (65.22%), clay content (10%) shatter index (76%) and refractoriness (>900oC), which were within the required standards for casting of non-ferrous metal. Thus, Belle sand was found suitable for casting of non-ferrous metals. Though, there may be a need for the use of additives like bentonite, to enhance the sand’s clay content in order to increase the sand potential for foundry applications.Item Characterization of Belle natural moulding sand for foundry applications(Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2019) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Nafiu, M. B.; Ajao, K. S.; Ambali, I. O; Elakhame, Z. U.; Busari, Y. O.; Hassan, H. K.; Aremu, N. I.There exists vast availability of natural sands which may be suitable for foundry applications in different locations Kwara State in particular and generally in Nigeria. The sands need to be identified and characterised for productive and profitable foundry practices. In this study, assessment of chemical and physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand in Belle community of Kwara State, Nigeria was carried out to ascertain its suitability for foundry applications. The analysis of the sand samples’ Chemical compositions were done using an XRF Analyser, while American foundry-men Society, ASTM and British standards laboratory tests procedures were adopted appropriately to determine the sand’s physico-mechanical properties. The results of chemical composition analysis showed that SiO2 have dominance proportion in the sand sample with an average value of 92.90 %, followed by Al2O3 (5.13%). CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O, ZnO and MnO were present within acceptable limits as trace elements. The results showed average physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand sample to include grain fineness number (126), bulk density (1765 Kg/m3), moisture contents (7.66%), specific gravity (2.64), permeability (0.1cm/s), green compressive strength (51KN/m2), dry compressive strength (209KN/m2), flowability (65.22%), clay content (10%) shatter index (76%) and refractoriness (>900oC), which were within the required standards for casting of non-ferrous metal. Thus, Belle sand was found suitable for casting of non-ferrous metals. Though, there may be a need for the use of additives like bentonite, to enhance the sand’s clay content in order to increase the sand potential for foundry applicationsItem Combustion characteristics of fuel briquettes made from charcoal particles and sawdust agglomerates(Elsevier B. V., 2019-07) Ajimotokan, H. A; Ehindero, A. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Adeleke, A. A.; Ikubanni, P. P.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.The combustion characteristics of fuel briquettes made from Idigbo ( Terminalia ivorensis ) charcoal particles, pinewood ( Pinus caribaea ) sawdust and their agglomerates using gela tinized cassava peels were investigated. The charcoal particles and pine sawdust were blended in the mixing ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50, respectively and vice-versa. More so, briquettes were produced from pure charcoal particles and pine saw dust separately for the purpose of comparison with the blended briquettes. The gelatinized binder was 5% of the total briquettes weight. The briquettes were produced using a pres sure of 5 MPa with a dwelling time of 5 min in a hydraulic briquetting machine. Proximate, elemental compositions and heating value analyses were carried out on the raw charcoal, sawdust, cassava peel, and their briquettes. The results showed that variations in the mix ing ratios of the bio-residues had significant effects on all the properties investigated. An increase in the charcoal particles led to an increase in the fixed carbon content and heat ing value of the briquettes. Conversely, higher pine sawdust content in the briquette re sulted in higher volatile matter content and lower heating value. The briquette made from pure charcoal particles had the highest heating value (24.9 MJ/kg) and ash content (6.0%). Its carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen contents were in the range of 44.6–50.1%, 5.1–5.6% and 34.4–41.5%, respectively. The proximate analysis, elemental composition analysis, and heat ing values of the produced fuel briquettes depicted that they have better combustion prop erties when compared to the raw charcoal, pine dust, and cassava peel. Thus, the produced briquettes would serve as good fuel for domestic and industrial applications.Item Evaluation of the Foundry Properties of Oyun River (Ilorin) Moulding Sand(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria., 2019) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Hassan, H. K.; Ajao, K. S.; Ambali, i. O.; Bello, M. O.Inadequate information on available natural moulding sands in Nigeria resulted to the use of the sand for casting without recourse to their suitability. This practice resulted to poor casting quality and underdevelopment of Nigerian foundry industry. In this study, the properties of Oyun natural moulding sand were evaluated to determine its suitability for sand casting. The chemical and physico -mechanical properties of the sand samples were examined using America Foundrymen’s Society (AFS) guidelines. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the sand contained SiO₂ and, Al₂O₃ from 84.49 to 84.58% and 7.17 to 7.22% respectively, with smaller proportions of other elements such as NaO₂ and K₂O, CaO, Fe₂O₃, MgO and TiO₂. The physico-mechanical properties of the sand were clay content (14.96 - 15.79 %), moisture content (8.15 – 8.48%), grain fineness number (83.40 – 89.24), green compressive strength (77.31 – 79.73 KN/m²), dry compressive strength (200.24 – 214.65 KN/m²) and refractoriness (above 1300°C). These results were within the AFS standard recommendation values for non-ferrous metal casting. Hence, Oyun moulding sand was found suitable as mould sand for various types of casting of metals like grey steel, aluminum, bronze, brass and light steels. Effective utilization of this sand for foundry applications will help to improve the economy of Nigeria and subsequently aid in reducing social problems as result of unemployment.Item Inhibitive Potential of Prosopis Africana on Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel in 1M Hydrochloric Acid Medium(Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh, 2019) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Ibrahim, K. H; Ambali, I. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Yahya, R. A.; Aremu, N. I.; Pelumi, A. A,Recently, there is quest for the use of inexpensive, non-toxic, non-biodegradable, readily available and environmentally acceptable corrosion inhibitor. Studies have shown that these properties could be achieved through the use of plants as inhibitor. Inhibiting effect of Prosopis Africana (Iron Tree) seed extracts were assessed on a sample of low carbon steel in 1M HCl with varying proportion of the seed extract using gravimetric, Tafel polarization and gasometrical measurement techniques. The results show that weight loss/corrosion rate decreases with increase in the extracts’ concentrations. Good inhibiting efficiency of Prosopis Africana extracts with optimum inhibiting efficiency of 97.7% at 1.0 g/l after 120 hours exposure in gravimetric measurement was attained. TAFEL polarization results revealed that the Prosopis Africana extract shows that the corrosion current density decreases with the increase in the concentration of the extract. The extract is found suitable as green inhibitor for corrosion of low carbon steel in the studied medium.Item Mechanical properties and microstructure of epoxy, horn, alkaline treated/untreated coconut shell particulate hybrid composite.(Faculty of Physical Sciences, Federal University, Dutsinma, Nigeria., 2024) Ajao, K. S.; Abdulrahman, A. S.; Abdulkareem, A. S.The mechanical properties (Tensile and Flexural Strengths) of sheep horn, treated and untreated coconut shell particles reinforced epoxy composite were investigated in this work. The composite was formulated using design expert software, with weight fraction of epoxy resin varied from 90 to 100%, while that of each of the sheep horn and coconut shell particles varied from 0 to 5 % weight, resulting in the composite of single and hybrid reinforcements. The results obtained showed that tensile and flexural strengths of the hybrid composite were superior to those of the individual fiber reinforced composite. Maximum tensile strength and flexural strength of 36.52 MPa and 67.93 MPa respectively, representing 74.3%, and 35.6% improvement, compared to the tensile strength and flexural strength of the control sample were obtained with the hybrid composite sample containing a blend of 5% wt. sheep horn and 3% wt. treated coconut shell particles. The microstructure analysis revealed the enhanced interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the reinforcement of the composite samples containing alkaline treated coconut shell particles. Hence, alkaline treatment is a good natural fiber’s surface modification technique to improve adhesion between the fibers and the matrix.Item Performance and Corrosion Inhibitive Mechanism of Prosopis Africana Pod Extracts on Mild Steel in Acidic Medium(Faculty of Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 2022) Ayinde, I. V.; Ameen, M. O.; Busari, Y. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Abdulraman, S. O.; Ajao, K. S.This study investigates the influence of Prosopis Africana pod extract (PAPE) on corrosion behavior of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl. The Prosopis African Seed Extract (PASE) was previously characterized as a green corrosion inhibitor without considering its pod, which often constitutes environmental pollution. The PAPE solution was administered in varying concentrations of 0.0 g/ml to 10.0 g/ml as a green inhibitor of mild steel in 1M Hydrochloric (HCl) medium at room temperature using gravimetric, gasometric and electrochemical (Tafel Polarization) techniques. The volume of hydrogen evolution determined with gasometric process decreases as the concentration of the extract increases. The gravimetric technique recorded the highest inhibition efficiency (IE%) of 97.14% with a 1.0g/l concentration of PAPE. The electrochemical measurements of the corrosion current density (ICorr) decreased as the concentration of PAPE increased, with a maximum IE% of 80.59% (PAPE) at 1.0g/l recorded. Generally, IE% increases with the concentration of the extract. The decrease in the corrosion rate is caused by the intensified obstructive mechanism in the coupon surfaces instigated by the pod extract's adsorption. Hence, the extract from Prosopis Africana Pod is equally suitable as a green inhibitor for corrosion.Item Physico-mechanical properties of ecofriendly bricks using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) wastes as binders.(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2024) Busari, Y. O.; Idowu, R. O.; Reghioua, A.; Ajao, K. S.; Sikiru, S.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Ibrahim, I. S.; Abbas, N. M.; Adegbola, J. O.; Yahaya, T.Soil-cement bricks in Nigeria are preferred for building due to environmental, technical, and economic benefits, while reinforced polymer composites are increasingly popular for their lightweight construction and biodegradability. However, the composition of Portland cement still generates environmental impacts due to CO2 emissions. Thus, this study aimed to produce eco-friendly bricks through a mixture of river sand, recycled polyethene terephthalate (PET) and low-density polyethene (LDPE) wastes that were shredded and melted as binders for the aggregates to create bricks in various ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) and hybrid of PET and LDPE ratio (1:1:2 and 1:1:4). The bricks were then air-dried and cured to solidify and bricks were evaluated using compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and density measurements. The river sand sample chemical analysis revealed the sand belong to Alumino-Silicate as values for percentage clay contents. The water absorption for recycled binder was within the permissible limit between 0.4%-1.5%. Similarly, the use of both recycles PET and LDPE as a binder with river sand in ratios such as (1:1:2) enhanced the stiffness strength with mean values of 3.6 N/mm2 and 13.4%, while recycled PET as the binder in a ratio (1:3) only significantly improves compressive strength with mean values of 13.6 N/mm2 demonstrating adequate bonding and mechanical robustness.Item QUALITY EVALUATION OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE STEELS IN SOME SELECTED NIGERIAN MARKETS(University Politehnica Timsoara, Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, 2019-05) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Adewuyi, R. A.; Ajao, K. S.; Ambali, I. O.; Aremu, N. I.; Ibrahim, H. K.; Abdul, J. M.The incessant building collapse and structural failures in Nigeria has renewed interests in the evaluation of the basic properties of reinforcing steel bars in Nigeria markets, since local markets serve as major source of supply for the steels used in construction and structural development. Thus, this study evaluated the quality of commercially available reinforcing steel bars in some selected markets with a view to determine their suitability for structural applications. Various steel bars samples were obtained from markets in four Nigeria cities. The basic physico-mechanical properties of the samples were examined and the obtained results were compared with the specified parameters in Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS), ASTM and British Standards. Visual inspections revealed that most of the parameters that must to be indicated in identification marks on reinforcing steel bars were absent. Results also showed that the samples contained the basic chemical constituents of steel and possessed significant strengths and hardness values, but with noticeable inconsistencies in their contents. Thus, the level of compliance with the specified properties in the standards needs improvement. To avoid incessant structural failures in the country, regular and effective monitoring of the quality of steel bars in the markets for structural applications becomes imperative.Item Suitability of some Selected Ado-Ekiti (Nigeria) Natural Moulding Sands’ Properties for Sand Casting(Faculty of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria, 2017-12) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Yaru, S. S.; Abdulkareem, S; Ajayi, S; Busari, Y. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Ibrahim, H. K.; Ambali, I. O.; Mohammed, G. A.In achieving accelerated and sustaining economic growth and development in Nigeria, there is need for domestication of finished goods production through sustainable industrialization. Foundry technology is one of the vital bases for rapid industrial development of any nation. Samples of moulding sand at green state were collected from four different moulding sand deposits within Ado-Ekiti in Nigeria. The samples were prepared using ASTM and British standards, while the materials’ Physico-mechanical properties were evaluated using American Foundry Society (AFS) guidelines. The results obtained from the tests were compared with the AFS’s satisfactory mould sand properties for various types of metal castings. The sand samples were found to meet the requirements for casting various metals of different types like Aluminum, brass and bronze, light and malleable iron, light and medium grey iron, except heavy steel. The presence of red oxide in the sands and the specimens’ higher compressive strength values show that the natural sands will be suitable for casting of non- ferrous metal of low temperature. Effective application of the sample sands in casting will also enhance industrialization, job creation and the nation selfreliance through reduction in importation of foundry sand and foundry products into the country.Item Suitability of some Selected Ado-Ekiti (Nigeria) Natural Moulding Sands’ Properties for Sand Casting(Covenant University Faculty of Engineering, 2017-12) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Yaru, S. S.; Abdulkareem, S.; Ajayi, S.; Busari, Y. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Ibrahim, H. K.; Ambali, I. O.; Mohammed, G. A.In achieving accelerated and sustaining economic growth and development in Nigeria, there is need for domestication of finished goods production through sustainable industrialization. Foundry technology is one of the vital bases for rapid industrial development of any nation. Samples of moulding sand at green state were collected from four different moulding sand deposits within Ado-Ekiti in Nigeria. The samples were prepared using ASTM and British standards, while the materials’ Physico-mechanical properties were evaluated using American Foundry Society (AFS) guidelines. The results obtained from the tests were compared with the AFS’s satisfactory mould sand properties for various types of metal castings. The sand samples were found to meet the requirements for casting various metals of different types like Aluminum, brass and bronze, light and malleable iron, light and medium grey iron, except heavy steel. The presence of red oxide in the sands and the specimens’ higher compressive strength values show that the natural sands will be suitable for casting of non- ferrous metal of low temperature. Effective application of the sample sands in casting will also enhance industrialization, job creation and the nation selfreliance through reduction in importation of foundry sand and foundry products into the country.Item The Suitability of Using Environmental Waste (Polystyrene Foam, Sawdust and Eggshells) for Developing a Hybrid Composite for Ceiling Boards(Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, 2022-03) SHUAIB-BABATA, YUSUF Lanre; Busari, Y. O.; Abdulraman, S. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Aremu, N. I.; Ajao, K. S.; Abdulqadir, L. B.; Arowolo, I. O.This study considers the suitability of using environmental wastes (polystyrene foam, sawdust and eggshell) for the development of composite materials for ceiling boards. The materials were collected from dumping sites and processed accordingly. The elemental compositions of the processed sawdust and eggshell were examined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (ASS) and plasma-optical emission spectrometer (Optimal 3100XL Perkin Elmer) respectively. Properties of the composite samples were determined using appropriate ASTM standards (ASTM D570, C109-95, D3479, E1530 and D7336/D7336M). The results show that the composite with a mix ratio of 5% Polystyrene, 10% sawdust and 40% eggshell exhibited the most suitable properties for ceiling board production or indoor uses in building: water absorption (0.52 and 6.17% for 2 and 24hours respectively), tensile strength (2.362 N/mm2), elongation at break (0.677 mm), compressive strength (0.1575 N/mm2), energy to break (0.016 N.m) and thermal conductivity of 0.0221 W/M.K. Thus, the production of suitable ceiling board using some bio-wastes can be domesticated in Nigeria.Item The suitability of using environmental waste (polystyrene foam, sawdust and eggshells) for developing a hybrid composite for ceiling board.(Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., 2022) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Busari, Y. O.; Abdulraman, S. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Aremu, N. I.; Ajao, K. S.; Abdulqadir, L. B.; Arowolo, I. O.This study considers the suitability of using environmental wastes (polystyrene foam, sawdust and eggshell) for the development of composite materials for ceiling boards. The materials were collected from dumping sites and processed accordingly. The elemental compositions of the processed sawdust and eggshell were examined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (ASS) and plasma-optical emission spectrometer (Optimal 3100XL Perkin Elmer) respectively. Properties of the composite samples were determined using appropriate ASTM standards (ASTM D570, C109-95, D3479, E1530 and D7336/D7336M). The results show that the composite with a mix ratio of 5% Polystyrene, 10% sawdust and 40% eggshell exhibited the most suitable properties for ceiling board production or indoor uses in building: water absorption (0.52 and 6.17% for 2 and 24hours respectively), tensile strength (2.362 N/mm2), elongation at break (0.677 mm), compressive strength (0.1575 N/mm2), energy to break (0.016 N.m) and thermal conductivity of 0.0221 W/M.K. Thus, the production of suitable ceiling board using some bio-wastes can be domesticated in Nigeria.