Browsing by Author "Afosi, A.B"
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Item Design and characterization of taste masked metronidazole microcapsules and its utilization in the formulation of orodispersible tablets(African Journals Online, 2019) Shittu, A.0; Njinga, N.S; Olatinwo, S.; Afosi, A.BOrodispersible tablet (ODT) containing microcapsules is an advanced and convenient drug delivery system that offers advantages of easy administration, and increased bioavailability. Metronidazole is an antiprotozoal, with a bitter and metallic taste as its major drawback. A taste masking is required since the tablet will disintegrate in the oral cavity releasing the drug into close proximity to the taste buds. The purpose of the study is to design and evaluate metronidazole microcapsules for formulation of taste masked orally ODT metronidazole tablets. Taste masked metronidazole microcapsules were prepared by emulsion polymerization method with sodium alginate as polymer using different drug to polymer ratio. The microcapsules were evaluated for drug loading, entrapment efficiency, drug-polymer interaction by FTIR spectrometry, DTA, and flow properties. Batches B4 and B5 were formulated into orally disintegrating tablet by direct compression method. The results of FTIR spectrometry and DTA characterization of microcapsules revealed absence of drug-polymer interaction. Evaluation of the microcapsules showed fairly good flow properties and increase in entrapment efficiency as the polymer concentration increased. Evaluation of the directly compressed ODTs showed acceptable weight variation, and average disintegration time less than 60 sec. The average tablet crushing strength range from 18 to 19 N, and the drug release profiles showed greater than 80% release of metronidazole within 10 min. The successful microencapsulation of metronidazole, fast disintegration, rapid drug release profile, and evidence of compatibility between metronidazole and the process polymer demonstrates the suitability of the microcapsules for formulation of orally disintegrating tablet for convenient delivery of metronidazole.Item Design, formulation and characterization of ibuprofen-polyethylene glycol (6000) solid dispersions(West African College of Postgraduate Pharmacists, 2019) Shittu, A.O; Oyeyiola, R.W; Njinga, N.S; Afosi, A.BBackground: Formulation of solid dispersion has attracted considerable interest where dispersing a poorly water soluble drug in a water soluble polymer matrix improves the dissolution characteristics and bioavailability of the drug. Aim: The aim of this study was to enhance the dissolution rate and bioavailability of Ibuprofen (BCS class II) using solid dispersion techniques. Method: Ibuprofen solid dispersion was prepared by fusion method. Drug-carrier physical mixtures were also prepared. Effects of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) was studied for the solid dispersions and physical mixtures. The solid dispersions were investigated for drug content, solubility and dissolution characteristics, surface morphology using optical microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). All the solid dispersions showed better solubility characteristics and dissolution rate than physical mixtures. Evaluation of the FTIR results shows that the stretching vibration of ibuprofen carbonyl peak in SDs and physical mixture remained which indicates that the drug crystalline form may not be altered during solid dispersion formation and its attenuated intensities were thought to be due to the lower drug content as the amount of polymer was increased. Conclusion: The FT-IR and DTA results for SDs and physical mixtures showed no drug-polymer interaction. The statistical analysis, solubility and dissolution rate test result of ibuprofen was compared to that of the SD formulations and the values obtained were significantly below 0.05 which indicates that the results are statistically significant. Therefore, solid dispersion may be an effective technique to enhance dissolution rate of Ibuprofen. Keywords: Solid dispersion, Ibuprofen, solubility, bioavailability, PEG-6000, FusionItem Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic extracts of the leaf of Senna alata and bark of Piliostigma thonningii and the effect of their combination against skin infections(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State., 2020-06-04) Afosi, A.B; Shittu, A.O; Adekunle, R.B; Bello, R.H; Attah, F.A; Eniayewu, I.OThe skin is the largest, multi-layered organ with a protective function. However, a breach as a result of damage to the epidermis causes micro-organisms to penetrate and cause infections. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activities of the extracts of leaf of Senna alata and bark of Piliostigma thonningii as well as possible effect of the extracts combination in varying ratios. Ethanolic extracts of leaf of S. alata and bark of P. thonningii were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against selected Gram-positive - Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative - Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, Yersinia enterocolitica; and fungal strain - Candida albican using agar well diffusion method at 100, 200 and 300 mg/mL and in combination at 75:25, 25:75 and 50:50 ratios against selected microorganisms. Gentamicin and Nystatin were used as positive controls. Triplicate zones of inhibition were measured after 24 and 72 hours for bacterial and fungal isolates respectively. The extracts of S. alata and P. thonningii had means of zones of inhibition ranging from 24.00±1.06 to 13.00±0.00 and 30.00±0.43 to 15.00±1.00 against S. aureus and 21.50±0.25 to 18.00±0.00 and 19.00±0.43 to 17.00±0.81 against E. coli respectively. Only the extract of S. alata showed antifungal activity with mean of zones of inhibition ranging from 30.00±0.53 to 12.00±0.82 against C. albicans. The synergistic activity S. alata and P. thonningii at ratio 50:50 produced the highest activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Considering these antimicrobial activities observed, the two extracts have shown interesting potentials in the treatment of skin infections.Item Heavy metal analysis of polyherbal formulations marketed in Ilorin(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Development and Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020-02) Eniayewu, O.I; Bamidele, O.D; Ogunremi, B.I; Afosi, A.B; Ibrahim, S.A; Abdullahi, S.T; Njinga, N.SGlobally, consumption of herbal preparations is on the increase with corresponding increase in the numbers of pharmaceutical industries engaged in herbal production. There is need for regular assessment of the quality of these herbal products to safeguard the health of the consumers of herbal drugs. Besides other quality parameters for evaluation of herbal products, heavy metals analysis is essential due to the potential health hazards implicated in their consumptions. Therefore, the study evaluates the heavy metal contents of two polyherbal liquid preparations marketed in Ilorin, North Central, Nigeria. Samples of the two herbal products (AMO and ZAK herbal bitters) were pre-treated and analyzed for the presence of iron, lead, cadmium, Copper, manganese and zinc using a validated Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) method. The analysis was done in triplicate and International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline followed. Validation results showed linearity between 5-50 mg/L, 0.1-0.4 mg/L, 1-4 mg/L, 0.02-1.0 mg/L, 0.2-1.6 mg/L and 1-4 mg/L for iron, manganese, lead, copper, zinc and cadmium respectively, while the limit of detection was 0.001 mg/L, 0.001 mg/L, 0.002 mg/L, 0.005 mg/L, 0.025 mg/L, and 0.002 mg/L, for copper, manganese, cadmium, iron, lead, and zinc respectively. The findings showed higher concentrations of iron above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit in the two preparations at 15.1 mg/L and 42.6 mg/L for AMO and ZAK herbal bitters respectively. However, lead, cadmium, and zinc were undetectable in both samples and the observed amount for copper and manganese were below the WHO limit. Our findings revealed the presence of iron at concentrations exceeding WHO permissible limits in both polyherbal preparations evaluated. This indicates a potential risk for iron poisoning with long term consumption of these products. Intensive effort by regulatory agencies to ensure the safety and quality of polyherbal formulations is recommended.Item Physicochemical Properties and Compact analysis of a new Directly Compressible Filler-Binder “Tstarac” and its Utilization in the Formulation of Ascorbic Acid Tablets(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State., 2016-12) Shittu, A.O; Afosi, A.BAn investigation into the design of a directly compressible filler/binder from two locally available raw materials is hereby reported. ‘Nigeria tapioca starch’ (NTS) and ‘Nigeria acacia sieberiana gum’ (NASG) were both extracted using standard methods. The resultant materials were passed through mesh 60 and were then coprocessed in isopropanol and water at ratio of 2:1. NTS and NASG were arbitrarily selected at ratio 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20 which gave flow rates of 5.6, 15.1, and 20.6 g/s; angle of repose of 32.3 o , 30.0 o , and 27.5 o . Compressibility index was 20.9, 17.3 and 6.0 %; while Hausner ratio was 1.21, 1.16, and 1.06, respectively. The composite containing NTS and NASG (80:20) exhibited the best physicochemical properties and was subsequently selected for the ascorbic acid formulations. It was concluded that the coprocessed NASG and NTS have excellent compressibility and compatibility properties and can serve as cost effective excipients in conventional pharmaceutical solid dosage formulations.Item Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety and stress among undergraduate pharmacy students in Nigeria(International Pharmaceutical Federation, 2020-09) Aluh, D.O; Abba, A.; Afosi, A.BBackground: Mental health disorders are increasingly becoming a global concern among university students. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among pharmacy students in Nigeria is unknown. Objective: This study sought to examine the occurrence of depression, anxiety and stress and associated sociodemographic factors among undergraduate pharmacy students in Nigeria. Methods: The study was an online-based cross-sectional descriptive survey conducted among students from seven pharmacy schools in Nigeria. Students were recruited via their class WhatsApp groups and a link to a Google Form was provided for those who agreed to participate in the study. Data were analysed using IBM Statistical Product and Services Solution for Windows version 21.0. Results: A total of 408 students out of approximately 3,068 students responded to the survey (response rate: 13.32%). The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 44.6%, 63.5%, and 35%, respectively. Depression was found to be strongly correlated with stress (r= 0.739, p< 0.001) and anxiety (r= 0.715, p< 0.001). Depression, anxiety and stress scores significantly correlated with perceived academic performance and year of study. There was no significant association between gender, cigarette smoking, type of accommodation, and the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among pharmacy students responding to a survey in Nigeria was high. Students in lower years of study and those with perceived poor academic performance had higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress. More studies are needed to explore the causes of depression, anxiety and stress among pharmacy students.