Browsing by Author "Abdullahi, S. T."

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    Differential spectrophotometric determination of levofloxacin in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations
    (The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy, 2026) Abdullahi, S. T.; Dada, F. O.; Eniayewu, O. I.; Bamidele, O. D.; Soyinka, J. O.; Sanusi, A.; Madaki, F. M.
    Background: Levofloxacin, which is pharmaceutically available as a hemihydrate (C18H20FN3O4·1/2H2O), is the optical S-(-) isomer of ofloxacin. This study proposed and validated a differential ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for determining levofloxacin in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations, based on the principle that levofloxacin exhibits characteristic spectral shifts with changes in the pH of the assay solvents. Methods: Two solutions of levofloxacin in 0.1N HCl and 0.1N NaOH at the same concentration served as the test and reference solutions (∆D1), and as the reference and test solutions (∆D2). The amplitude values were calculated and plotted against concentrations. Results: Beer’s law was obeyed, and the calibration curves were found to be linear over the concentration range of 4–20 μg/mL, with an excellent correlation coefficient (r > 0.9999) for both scenarios at the observed absorption maxima and minima of 228 and 298 nm for ∆D1, and 257 and 348 nm for ∆D2. Accuracy studies showed recoveries close to 100% (100.17–100.35%) with low RSD values (≤1.78%), demonstrating excellent accuracy. Precision was also satisfactory, with intraday precision and robustness RSD values generally below 2%. Sandell’s sensitivity (0.0113–0.0166 µg·cm⁻²) indicated adequate analytical sensitivity. Conclusion: The results indicate that the proposed analytical method is accurate, specific, and precise, and can be used for routine analysis of levofloxacin hemihydrate in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
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    Differential spectrophotometric determination of levofloxacin in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
    (The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy, 2026-04) Abdullahi, S. T.; Dada, F. O.; Eniayewu, O. I.; Bamidele, O. D.; Sanusi, A.; Madaki, F. M.; Soyinka, J. O.
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    Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of β-Sitosterol-3-O-Glucoside Isolated from Lannea Kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiaceae)
    (Federal University Gusau-Nigeria, 2016) Njinga, N. S.; Sule, M. I.; Pateh, U. U.; Hassan, H. S.; Magaji, M. G.; Abdullahi, S. T.; Bakare-Odunola, T. M.; Bawa, B.; Egharevba, G. O.; Shittu, A. O.
    β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside was isolated using dry vacuum liquid chromatography. It was characterized using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and 2D NMR spectra. The antimicrobial activity was determined using agar diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) were determined using broth dilution method. Antioxidant activity was determined through reaction of compound with DPPH radical. The compound was active against S. aureus, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, P. mirabilis, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, B. subtilis, C. albicans and C. tropicalis with zone of inhibition ranging from 22.0 ± 0.4 to 34.0 ± 0.3 mm and inactive against P. aeroginosa, Proteus vulgaris and C. krusei. The MIC ranged from 25.0 to 50.0 μg/ml while the MBC/MFC ranged from 50.0 to 200.0 μg/ml. The % DPPH scavenging activity at 4.0x103 μg/ml was found to be 81.44 ± 0.41 %. This result shows the high antioxidant and wide spectrum antimicrobial activity of β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside which can be a potential lead drug for resistant bacteria such as MRSA, and a potential source of natural antioxidants.
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    Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of β-Sitosterol-3-O-Glucoside isolated from Lannea Kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiaceae).
    (International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability. Published by the Federal University, Gusau, Nigeria., 2016-03) Njinga, N. S.; Sule, M. I.; Pateh, U. U.; Hassan, H. S.; Magaji, M. G.; Abdullahi, S. T.; Bakare-Odunola, T. M.; Bawa, B.; Egharevba, G. O.; Shittu, A. O.
    β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside was isolated using dry vacuum liquid chromatography. It was characterized using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and 2D NMR spectra. The antimicrobial activity was determined using agar diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) were determined using broth dilution method. Antioxidant activity was determined through reaction of compound with DPPH radical. The compound was active against S. aureus, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, P. mirabilis, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, B. subtilis, C. albicans and C. tropicalis with zone of inhibition ranging from 22.0 ± 0.4 to 34.0 ± 0.3 mm and inactive against P. aeroginosa, Proteus vulgaris and C. krusei. The MIC ranged from 25.0 to 50.0 μg/ml while the MBC/MFC ranged from 50.0 to 200.0 μg/ml. The % DPPH scavenging activity at 4.0x103 μg/ml was found to be 81.44 ± 0.41 %. This result shows the high antioxidant and wide spectrum antimicrobial activity of β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside which can be a potential lead drug for resistant bacteria such as MRSA, and a potential source of natural antioxidants.
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    Evaluation of heavy metal impurities in metformin tablet brands marketed in Ilorin, Nigeria
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2022-01) Bamidele, O. D.; Eniayewu, O. I.; Adegbola, A. J.; Salawu, K. M.; Njinga, N. S.; Abdullahi, S. T.
    The safety and quality of pharmaceutical products are important considerations for optimal therapeutic outcomes. Periodic assessment of heavy metals impurities in pharmaceutical products used for long- term treatment of chronic diseases is important to safeguard the health and well-being of patients. This study investigated the levels of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in brands of metformin tablets commonly prescribed in Ilorin, Nigeria, for the management of diabetes. Five brands of commonly prescribed metformin tablets were randomly purchased from pharmacies in Ilorin, North-central Nigeria. Metal concentrations in the acid digested samples were profiled using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Method validation results showed excellent linearity (r2=0.9921(Mn), 0.9995 (Cu), 0.9998 (Zn), 0.9996(Cd), 0.9913(Pb)), with limits of detection (0.001, 0.001, 0.002, 0.002 and 0.025 mg/L for Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb respectively) and limits of quantification (0.003, 0.003, 0.006, 0.006 and 0.076 mg/L for Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb respectively) in the concentration ranges of 2– 10, 0.2–1.6, 0.2–1.6, 1–4 and 1–4 mg/L for Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb respectively. Mn, Cu, and Zn were detectable in varying concentrations in all the five brands of metformin evaluated in this study while none of the brands contained Cd and Pb at detectable levels. The levels of Mn, Cu and Zn ranged between 0.031-0.062, 0.085-0.112 and 0.040-0.130 mg/mL respectively across the brands. The highest concentrations of Mn, Cu and Zn were 0.062(0.001), 0.112(0.001) and 0.130(0.001) mg/L respectively. Similarly, maximum daily ingestible amounts for Mn, Cu and Zn ranges between 0.84-1.75, 2.17-3.03 and 6.12-20.7 μg/day respectively, which were below permissible daily exposure (PDE). These results indicate that all the metformin brands evaluated could be safely administered orally to the patients without fear of any of the metal’s toxicity consequences.
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    Phytochemical, antibacteria and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl & K. Krause (Anacadiaceae).
    (Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources. Published by the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos., 2018) Njinga, N. S.; Sule, M. I.; Shittu, A. O.; David, M. S.; Amali, M. O.; Bolaji, A. R.; Abdullahi, S. T.; Hassan, H. S.; Atunwa, S. A.; Eniayewu, O. I.
    The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion.
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    Phytochemical, elemental, antioxidant, antimicrobial and hypoglycemic studies of a mixed herbal product used for the management of diabetics.
    (Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources. Published by the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos., 2018) Bakare-Odunola, M. T.; Njinga, N. S.; Ayaniyi, R. O.; Bello, M. K.; Abdullahi, S. T.; Eniayewu, O. I.; Abdulmajeed, F. F.; Bello, H. R.
    Medicinal plants are important sources of disease-preventing compounds, which are important for the treatment of various health challenges such as diabetes. On an aqueous extract of a herbal product (HP) used for the management of diabetes, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin -Ciocalteu reagent and AlCl3 method respectively. Microbiological evaluation was done by determining the total viable, yeast, mould and coliform bacteria count. The elemental analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer. The acute toxicity was done using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline while the hypoglycemic activity was evaluated using alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total flavonoid and phen olic contents obtained was 1.58±0.001mg/g quercetin equivalent and 10.84±0.003 mg/g gallic acid equivalent respectively. Heavy metals Fe and Zn were present while Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb were absent. Na and K were also present at concentrations of 3.90 and 2.20mg·kg−1 respectively. The total viable and coliform counts were found to be 1.34 x 105and 9.0 x 104 cfu/g respectively while there was absence of mould and yeast in the HP. The LD50 of the HP was found to be above 5000 mg/kg. At dose of 125 mg/kg, the HP significantly (P<005) reduced glucose level to 143 mg/dL after 4 hours and to 123 mg/dL after 8 hours. The phytochemicals present, safety and the anti-diabetic activity justify the use of this HP in the management of diabetes.
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    Phytochemical, nutritional and antioxidant properties of pumpkin leaf and fruit (Cucurbita maxima) from Bosso-Niger State, Nigeria.
    (2024) Madaki, F. M.; Abdulkadir, A.; Abubakar, A.; Hamza, R. U.; Muhammad, H. K.; Abdullahi, S. T.; Tanimu, N. A.
    Cucurbita maxima commonly known as pumpkin, is widely cultivated throughout the world for use as vegetable as well as medicine plant. Phytochemical analysis, nutritional and antioxidant properties of Cucurbita maxima leaf and fruit methanol extracts were determined in this study. The phytochemical and proximate analysis were performed according to standard method. The antioxidant activity was carried out using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The qualitative phytochemical screening of Cucurbita maxima fruit and leaf revealed that Alkaloids (9.07±0.01), Tannins (4.32±0.01), and terpenoids (8.64±0.01) were found to have the highest concentration in the fruit while saponins (8.64±0.01), flavonoids (3.86±0.01) and steroids (3.86±0.01) were found to be higher in the leaf. The proximate composition of pumpkin leaf and fruit showed significant difference in moisture (10.65 ± 0.04) (8.07 ± 0.01), fibre (2.03 ± 0.03) (4.16 ± 0.03), ash contents (3.08 ± 0.08) (2.17 ± 0.05), fat (5.12 ± 0.20) (2.07 ± 0.20), (67.99± 0.03) (73.12± 0.01), and protein (10.580.06) (9.72± 0.07) of the pumpkin leaf and fruit respectively. Both extracts exhibited a dose dependent antioxidant activity in DPPH and FRAP assays. The Cucurbita maxima extracts exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower antioxidant activities compared to the standard (ascorbic acid). The results of mineral analysis of pumpkin shows that potassium (48.79±0.01 mg/g) and iron (33.60±0.00 mg/g) contents were higher in the pumpkin methanol fruit extract, followed by sodium (17.88±0.04 mg/g) while potassium (41.57±0.04 mg/g) and zinc (22.30±0.15 mg/g) was the most prominent element followed by iron (8.14±0.00 mg/g) in the pumpkin methanol leaf extract. These results suggest that Cucurbita maxima could serve as a valuable source of nutrients and antioxidants, particularly in resource-constrained communities. Keywords: Cucurbita maxima, Phytochemicals, Proximate composition, Antioxidant properties and Mineral analysis