Prevalence of Learned Helplessness among Stroke Survivors at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria

Abstract

ABSTRACT Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, often resulting in physical, cognitive, and psychological challenges. Among these, learned helplessness, a perceived lack of control, and diminished personal agency can hinder rehabilitation engagement and recovery. Despite its significance, evidence on learned helplessness among stroke survivors in Nigeria is limited. This study examined the prevalence and socio demographic predictors of learned helplessness among stroke survivors receiving rehabilitation at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Using a cross-sectional design, participants completed the Learned Helplessness Scale and provided socio-demographic information. Findings revealed a moderate prevalence of learned helplessness, characterized by reduced perceived control, lower task persistence, and attributions of failure to personal ability, while some aspects of agency remained intact. Regression analyses identified sex as the only significant predictor, with male survivors exhibiting higher helplessness than females; age and educational level showed no significant effect. These results highlighted the selective nature of learned helplessness and underscore the importance of gender-sensitive psychological interventions in stroke rehabilitation. It is recommended that psychological screening be routinely integrated into stroke rehabilitation programs and that targeted interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, psycho-education, and resilience-building strategies, be incorporated to enhance self-efficacy, strengthen adaptive coping, and improve adherence to rehabilitation, ultimately promoting better functional recovery outcomes. Keywords: stroke, learned helplessness, rehabilitation, self-efficacy, psychological resilience, socio demographic factors