Evaluation of the Toxicological Effects of Ethanolic Extracts of Annona squamosa and Piper nigrum plants on rats
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Date
2018
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Society for Experimental Biology of Nigeria
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the overall safety or toxicological effects of ethanolic extracts of Annona squamosa (leaves and stems) and Piper nigrum (seeds and stems) in healthy Wistar rats. Dried powdered leaves and stem of Annona squamosa and Piper nigrum’s seed and stem were extracted in ratio 1:5 of 80% ethanol for 24hours. Thirty male healthy Wistar rats with average weight of 120-150g were randomly distributed into six groups (A-F) of five animals each. 1ml of the extracts equivalent to 500mg/kg body weight were administered to the experimental animals (group C-F) while 1ml of Cyclophosphamide equivalent to 50mg/kg body weight was administered to the reference group (group B) for a period of twenty one (21) days after one week of acclimatization, the control group on the other hand (group A) were administered 1ml of distilled water. The serum and organs (liver, kidney and heart) were collected for lipid profile, liver function indices and kidney function indices. Significant increase (P<0.05) in the serum AST, ALT, ALP level of the group administered with 50mg/kg body weight of Cyclophosphamide and a subsequent decrease of the enzymes level in the liver, kidney and heart was recorded. In addition, there was a significant increase (p>0.05) in the total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, total and direct bilirubin, creatinine and urea concentration with a gradual reduction in the serum HDL and albumin concentration in the reference drug group as compared to control group and the test groups. However, this shows the reduced toxicity of Annona squamosa and Piper nigrum at 500mg/kg body weight, which is an indication that the plants are safe for human consumption.
Description
Annona squamosa and Piper nigrum are tropical fruit and spice respectively on which extensive phytochemical and bioactive investigations have been implemented. From the detailed literatures survey done, they were found to contain anticancer and antioxidant activities and are considered as chemo-protector and radio-protector due to the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid.
The result of this study shows enhanced protective activity (hepato-protective, nephron-protective and cardio-protective effects) and reduced toxicity of Annona squamosa and Piper nigrum at 500mg/kg body weight, which is an indication that the plants are safe for human consumption as it is currently being used locally.
Keywords
Annona squamosal, Piper nigrum, Ethanolic extracts, Stem
Citation
Sulaiman Adenike Faoziyat, Iyiola Oluyinka Ajibola, Adisa Muhammad Jamiu, Sani Evelyn Miria, Giwa Fatima A., Amokeoja Folorunsho Hafiz. (2019). Evaluation of the Toxicological Effects of Ethanolic Extracts of Annona squamosa and Piper nigrum plants on rats. NISEB Journal Vol. 18 No 4, Pages 159-169 December, 2018. ISSN 1595-6938. Published by Society for Experimental Biology of Nigeria. Available online on: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336349967_Sulaiman_et_al_Evaluation_of_the_Toxicological_Effects_of_Ethanolic_Extracts_of_Annona_squamosa_and_Piper_nigrum_Plants_on_Rat_2018_NISEB_Journal_Vol_18_No_4_Pages_10-21_December_2018_ISSN_1595-6938_P; ; http://www.ojs.klobexjournals.com/index.php/nisebj