Quaternary blend of Carica papaya - Citrus sinesis - Hibiscus sabdariffa - Waste used oil for biodiesel synthesis using CaO-based catalyst derived from binary mix of Lattorina littorea and Mactra coralline shell
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Date
2021-06-01
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Elsevier
Abstract
These studies focuses on synthesizing of an efficient CaO-based-catalyst derived from the binary mixture
of Lattorina littorea (periwinkles shell) and Mactra coralline (seashell), and apply it to transesterification
of a quaternary mix of Carica papaya - Citrus sinesis- Hibiscus sabdariffa- Waste used. Details characterization
of the developed catalyst was carried out using SEM, FTIR, and XRD to establish its catalytic
potential. Process parameters optimization for the transesterification process was carried out to determine
the optimum yield of biodiesel from oil blend. Lattorina littorea and Mactra coralline were made into
powder by milling after drying, the powdered were mixed in the same ratio to obtain a developed
catalyst before characterization. Oil was extracted from Carica papaya, Citrus sinesis, Hibiscus sabdariffa
seed powder through solvent extraction method, the extracted oil was mixed in quaternary ratio with
waste used oil, the properties of the mixed oil was determined before the transesterification with
ethanol. Process optimization was carried using response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with
central composite design (CCD) by considering four independent variables (reaction time, derived
calcined catalyst powder (DCCP) amount, reaction temperature, and EtOH/OMR). The catalyst recyclability
test was carried out, and the biodiesel quality was determined through physicochemical properties.
The results showed 25:25:25:25 quaternary blend produced oil with low viscous and high volatility.
Thermal treatment of a developed catalyst (DP) from Lattorina littorea mix with Mactra coralline, at
900 C for 3 h produced CaO of 99.02 (% wt.) on XRD analysis result. The produced catalyst developed
was re-used up to 3ecycles for base transesterification. The maximum experimental yield of 99.95 (%
wt.) at a reaction time of 60 min, DCCP amount of 3.0 (g), reaction temperature of 70 C, and EtOH/OMR
of 6:1 (ml/ml), was obtained, but the statistical optimization predicted biodiesel yield of 99.8044 (wt. %)
at a reaction time of 57.72 min, DCCP amount of 3.0 (g), reaction temperature of 69.54 C, and EtOH/OMR
of 6:1 (ml/ml), this yield was validated in triplicate and an average biodiesel yield of 99.7800 (%wt.) was
obtained. Analysis of variance and the p-value showed that the selected variable factors were remarkably
significant (p-value<0.0001). Based on fit statistics and model comparison statistics, the coefficient of
determination (R squared) of 99.84% was obtained with the predicted R2 of 99.06 in reasonable agreement
with the adjusted R2 of 99.68. The quality of biodiesel produced was within the specification limits
of biodiesel standard.
Description
Keywords
Quaternary mix, Binary mixture, Heterogeneous catalyst, Biodiesel, Optimization, Thermal treatment
Citation
8