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Hydrogeochemical profiling and suitability evaluation of groundwater for industrial and municipal applications in the Southern Anambra Basin, Nigeria
(University of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia., 2026) Iheme, K.O.,; Akakuru, O.C.,; Abubakar, H.O.,; Usman, A.O.,; Alebiosu, M.T.,; Obaro, R.I.,; Olelewe, M.C.,; Omorinoye, O.A.
Groundwater’s hydrogeochemical properties play a crucial role in determining its suitability for industrial and municipal applications. This study assessed groundwater in the Southern Anambra Basin, Nigeria, by analyzing its physicochemical characteristics and applying hydrogeochemical and industrial water quality indices. A total of fifty-five (55) groundwater samples were systematically collected from boreholes across the study area. Samples were analyzed for key physicochemical parameters, including pH, EC, TDS, major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻). Data were interpreted using Piper, Gibbs, and Gaillardet diagrams, along with saturation indices and chloro-alkaline indices, to identify hydrogeochemical facies and dominant processes. Industrial suitability was evaluated using the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Aggressive Index (AI), and Puckorius Index (PI). The study aimed to (1) characterize the hydrogeochemical facies of groundwater in the Southern Anambra Basin; (2) determine the dominant geochemical processes influencing groundwater chemistry; and (3) assess the suitability of groundwater for industrial and municipal systems based on its scaling and corrosive tendencies. The results reveal that groundwater is mainly of the Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺–HCO₃⁻ and Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺–SO₄²⁻–Cl⁻ facies, dominated by rock–water interactions. Saturation index values for minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and gypsum were <0, indicating undersaturation and a tendency toward dissolution. LSI, AI, and PI values ranged from −3.22 to −0.03, 8.61 to 11.89, and 3.84 to 8.31, respectively implying a high corrosivity and low scaling potential of groundwater within the study area. These findings suggest that the water poses a corrosion risk to metallic industrial and municipal infrastructure. Mitigation measures such as corrosion-resistant materials and pH adjustment are recommended to preserve system integrity.
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Aquifer characterization and DRASTIC vulnerability assessment within the low-permeable Enugu shale formation, Anambra Basin, Nigeria using electrical resistivity method
(ScienceDirect., 2025-06-09) Usman, A.O.,; Ezeh , C. C.,; Abraham, E.M.,; Azuoko, G.,; Chima, C.J.,; Onyeneke, L.,; Chinwuko, A.I.,; Iheme, K.O.,; Ikeazota, I.I.
This study focuses on aquifer characterization and vulnerability assessment modeling of the lowpermeable Enugu shale, Anambra Basin, Nigeria, utilizing the Electrical Resistivity Method (ERM). The Enugu shale formation presents a unique challenge due to its low permeability, which impacts groundwater movement and storage. We employed ERM, specifically Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), to determine the subsurface resistivity variations, which aided in identifying aquiferous zones and their depths. The findings reveal significant variability in aquifer depths ranging from 4.0 to 44.5 m. This suggests that most of the underground water in the region is from shallow sources. The apparent resistivity model reveals variation in the resistivity of the aquifer ranging from low resistivity (10 to 60 m) to high resistivity (100 to 190 m). The depth to the water table map reveals higher depths (40 m to 75 m) at Abapka, Emene, and part of New Heaven. The relatively low values of transmissivity (200 m2/day–900 m2/day) and hydraulic conductivity (0.08 m/day–1.0 m/day) recorded are clues of prolific regions for groundwater development with low water yield capacity. Areas with higher transmissivity and thicker aquifers may provide better water supply potential, but overall, the low permeability suggests limited groundwater movement, requiring careful management to avoid over-extraction and contamination. The DRASTIC index risk (DIR) model indicates low to high susceptibility to contamination (with DIR ranging from 28 to 201), necessitating strategic groundwater protection measures. The low-permeable Enugu shale exhibits significant variability in its hydraulic properties, impacting its vulnerability and usability.
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Hydro-sedimentological Evaluation of Aquifer Properties In Parts of Southern Anambra Basin.
(Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria., 2025) Iheme, K. O.,; Obaro, R. I.,; Abubakar, H. O.,; Omotoso, O. A.,; Ibrahim, K. O.,; Olelewe, M. C.,; Magbo, J. C.
Nigeria's cities lack potable water supply system, due to failed water supply system, leading to groundwater reliance. Understanding hydrogeological settings of some basins like Anambra Basin is tough due to its complex geological heterogeneity and varying sedimentary structures. The commonly used electrical resistivity method has ambiguity issues because it often struggles to distinguish between different lithological units with similar resistivity values, leading to misinterpretation of subsurface geology. The alternative hydro-sedimentological approach estimates aquifer properties from grain size. In this study, twenty-five (25) sand samples were collected from boreholes cuttings; this is because sands are the primary aquifer-hosting materials in southern Anambra Basin. Ten empirical relationships were used to estimate hydraulic conductivities from the grain size data. Porosity, specific yield (SY), and specific retention (SR) were also empirically determined. Pumping data were available for ten (10) locations. For the remaining fifteen (15) locations, where pumping tests were not conducted, permeameter tests were performed on well cuttings to estimate hydraulic conductivity. The graphic mean of the sands ranges from 0.071 to 1.533phi, indicating that the sands are mainly medium-sized. Fractional porosity values, Specific yield and Specific retention range from 0.260 to 0.392, 0.274 to 0.039, and 0.125 to 0.322, respectively. Hydraulic conductivity ranges estimated from Hazen Simplified, Slichter, Terzaghi, Beyer, Sauerbrei, USBR, Barr, Alyamani & Sen, Chapuis, and Uma models are between 1.31-22.37m/day, 0.31-6.85m/day, 0.5-12m/day, 1.4-19m/day, 1.22- 16.71m/day, 1.42-13.37m/day, 0.36-9.3m/day, 0.01-8.72m/day, 0.17-11.3m/day, and 0.02- 10.64m/day respectively. Hydraulic conductivity obtained from pumping test ranges from 0.89 to 7.06m/day, while the values are 0.0864 to 25.488m/day from permeameter test, classifying the aquifers as having medium to high groundwater potential according to Terzaghi, Barr, Chapius and Uma estimates. In conclusion, this study was able to map out the groundwater potential of the area and revealed the most suitable empirical relation for estimating groundwater potentials within the area.
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HYDROCHEMICAL APPRAISAL OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN PART OF SOUTHERN ANAMBRA BASIN: ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSE
(Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria., 2025) Iheme, K. O.,; Usman, A. O.,; Abubakar, H. O.,; Magbo, J. C.,; Yusuf, M. A.,; Olelewe, M. C.,; Ohanele, E. C.
Irrigation is vital for food security, but climate change and pollution threaten it. Thus, regular evaluations of groundwater quality for irrigation are needed. This study collected and analyzed thirty-five (35) groundwater samples from boreholes in the Southern Anambra Basin, covering the Ameki and Ogwashi-Asaba Formations. Six irrigation quality indices: Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), and Permeability Index (PI), were calculated to evaluate the area’s irrigation suitability. Doneen PI, USSL, and Wilcox diagrams were also employed in evaluating irrigation suitability. The pH, EC, and TDS of the groundwater samples ranged from 6.6 to 8.4, 13 to 889μS/cm, and 15.6 to 557.9mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ ranged from 24 to 580, 1 to 20, 0.4 to 92.5, 10 to 74, 0.09 to 49.50, 2.26 to 30, and 0.67 to 10.0 mg/L, respectively. In general, the physicochemical parameters met the WHO and NSDWQ guidelines for drinking waters. The range of KR, SAR, SSP, RSC, MAR, and PI were 0.019-1.712mmol/L, 0.067-2.113, 1.86-63.13%, -5.36-7.80mmol/L, 0.00-3.79, and 15.82-547.10%, respectively. All samples had suitable SAR and MAR values for irrigation, while 97.14%, 94.29%, 80%, and 77.14% had suitable SSP, KR, RSC, and PI, respectively. This study has demonstrated that groundwater within the study area is suitable for drinking and irrigation, however, it is essential for periodic assessment as anthropogenic activities continue to increase in the area.
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PRE-RETIREMENT PLANNING: ENLIGHTENMENT FOR WORKERS TOWARDS FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE IN ILORIN WEST L.G.A. KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
(Faculty of Social Sciences Ojaja University., 2025-10) Abdulsalam, Oladimeji Sholagberu; Yakubu, Toyin Ibrahim; Kayode, SadiqToyin
Data collected from the respondents were analyzed using a simple percentage to analyze the demographic information of the respondent while mean and standard deviation was used to answer the research questions raised how pre-retirement planning activities can increase the total resources of retirees, including tangible mental, social resources, and consequently contribute to better psychological and physical well-being. The results of the latent growth mediation models also support our prediction: retirees with more preparatory activities before retirement acquire greater resources at the initial stage, which contribute to positive changes in post-retirement well-being over time. The results of the study reveals that enlightening the public about pre-retirement planning help workers think critically and plan, Lack of proper information cause workers not plan effectively towards retirement, educating workers about pre-retirement planning before employment help them to plan adequately.