Ige, S.O.Agbana, S.A.Bello, S.A.Yusuf, K.A.2023-05-082023-05-082022-12-31Ige, S. O., Agbana, S. A., Bello, S. A. & Yusuf, K. A. (2021). Geomagnetic storm effects on ionospheric total electron content at Toro, Nigeria. Science Forum (Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences), 22, 763-772https://uilspace.unilorin.edu.ng/handle/20.500.12484/9686Energy input into the upper atmosphere during geomagnetic storms takes the form of enhanced electric fields, currents, and energetic particle precipitation. This storm-time energy input affects the ionosphere–thermosphere coupling which leads to the balance between the storm-induced circulation and the regular circulation and determines the spatial distribution of negative and positive storm effects. This study revealed episodes of positive and negative ionospheric storm effects during these storm events with positive effects dominating the main phases at the Toro, Nigeria International Global Navigation System Satellites Service network station while the recovery period is characterized by either positive or negative effects or a combination of both. The geomagnetic storm time was determined using the geomagnetic Dst index, southward interplanetary magnetic field, and auroral electrojet index. The development of the positive ionospheric storm effect at the low latitudes is caused by the upward movement of ionization to regions of reduced recombination rate.enTotal electron content, Geomagnetic storm, Ionospheric ScintillationArticle