Browsing by Author "Akinola, Oluwole Busayo"

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    Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
    (2010-07-07) Akinola, Oluwole Busayo
    The need to develop antidiabetic phytotherapies with evidence-based efficacy, dosage and safety is on the rise. Therefore, this work was designed to study the effects of Azadirachta indica (neem) treatment on the following parameters in diabetic Wistar rats: (i) diabetic hyperglycaemia; (ii) microscopic anatomy of the pancreas, liver, kidney and jejunum; (iii) plasma insulin and lipid profile; (iv) biomarkers of pancreatic and hepatic oxidative stress; and (v) biomarkers of hepatic and renal function. The study was performed on one hundred male Wistar rats, 10 weeks old, and 175.5 g body weight. Animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups of 18 animals each: control, diabetic, diabetic + neem leaf extract, diabetic + metformin, and neem leaf extract only. Hyperglycemia was induced with an intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (70 mg/kg body weight). Ethanolic leaf extract of neem was administered orally at 500 mg/kg body weight/day and metformin at 350 mg/kg body weight/day for 50 days. In each group, six animals were sacrificed on days 7, 21 and 50, under pentobarbital anaesthesia. Blood glucose was estimated, feed and water intake was monitored, and body and organ weights were taken. Plasma was analysed for insulin, lipids, and markers of hepatic and renal function. Oxidative stress biomarkers were assayed in pancreas and liver homogenates; while the liver, kidney, pancreas and jejunum were processed for histologic studies. At 50 days, light microscopic study of the pancreas, liver and kidney of untreated diabetic rats showed deteriorated islets of Langerhans, hepatic glycogenosis (glycogen storage disease of the liver) and diabetic nephropathy, respectively. In the jejunum, epithelial erosion and necrosis of goblet cells were observed in these untreated diabetic Wistar rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with the leaf extract of neem and metformin ameliorated hyperglycemia and prevented organ complications. However, hepatic sections of neem-treated and metformin-treated diabetic rats showed mild lobular inflammation and hepatocyte vacuolation, respectively (at day 50). Besides, hepatic oxidative stress was exacerbated in neem-treated diabetic rats; while pancreatic oxidative stress was ameliorated in the same group. Moreover, plasma insulin, lipids, liver enzymes (except alkaline phosphatase), urea and creatinine were not significantly different from control in the neem-treated diabetic rats at day 50 (P>0.05). Thus, findings from this study show that the ethanolic leaf extract of A. indica is beneficial against the following biochemical and anatomic perturbations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats: (i) diabetic hyperglycaemia; (ii) hepatic glycogenosis; (iii) diabetic nephropathy; and (iv) pancreatic islet lesions. Furthermore, this extract improves plasma insulin, prevents streptozotocin-induced intestinal mucosal lesions and ameliorates diabetic dyslipidaemia. The last effect suggests that the extract may reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with increased cardiovascular events characteristic of diabetic dyslipidaemia. However, the increased hepatic lipid peroxidation observed in these neem-treated diabetic rats suggests association of hepatic oxidative stress with chronic A. indica treatment.
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    Association between anthropometric parameters in relation to body mass and measures of adiposity in adolescent Nigerian males
    (2016) Akinola, Oluwole Busayo; Olajide, Olayemi Joseph; Olanrewaju, Jacob
    Objective: Anthropometric indices are valid proxies for predicting the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases across age groups and gender. The objective of the present work was to study some anthropometric measures of body mass and adiposity in male Nigerian adolescents. Methods: In a population of male Nigerian adolescents (n=400; age: 13-19 years), data was collected for standing height, body weight and circumferences (hip, waist, neck, and mid-upper arm); and the body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHpR) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were then calculated. Moreover, using Pearson's correlation coefficient, we studied the association between BMI and other anthropometric variables. 2 2Results: Average BMI was 18.38 kg/m for adolescent males aged 13-15 years (n=217), and 19.03 kg/m for males aged 16-19 years (n=183). In the former category (13-15 years), BMI as a measure of body mass was best positively and significantly associated with the mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) (r=0.673, p<0.01), while in the older adolescent males (16-19 years), BMI strongly and significantly associates with hip circumference (HC). Conclusion: Findings in the present study indicate that in adolescent male Nigerians, MUAC best serves as an alternative to BMI in early adolescence (13-15 years); while HC is the best proxy for BMI, and may be a substitute for this anthropometric index in predicting cardiometabolic risk in older adolescent male Nigerians (16-19 years). It is recommended that age- and sex-specific cut off values for MUAC and neck circumference (NC) be determined among adolescents of different nationals. Moreover, it is pertinent to characterize the associate between MUAC and the risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in specific subpopulations.
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    Comparison of indices of insulin resistance and islet beta-cell dysfunction across rat models of diabetes mellitus induced by modified diets or streptozotocin
    (Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University, 2018) Akinola, Oluwole Busayo; Biliaminu, Sikiru Adekunle; Yawson, Emmanuel; Gabriel, Michael
    Background: Induction of insulin resistance in rodents involves the use of Streptozotocin (STZ) or diets high in sucrose, fat or fructose; but the relative degrees of insulin resistance induced by each of these approaches are unclear. Aim and Objectives: We therefore compared the degree to which intraperitoneal STZ with or without high-fat or high-fructose diet would induce insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and islet β-cell dysfunction in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Subsets of STZ-injected rats administered streptozotocin at 30 mg/kg body weight for five successive days were fed normal diet (STZ), or diets high in fat or fructose for 30 or 60 days. Normoglycaemic rats on normal rodent chow, High Fat Diet (HFD) or High Fructose Drink (HFrD) constituted the control (CTR), HFD or HFrD groups, respectively. Rats were anaesthetized and sacrificed at 30 or 60 days of high fat or fructose feeding followed by measurement of fasting plasma glucose and insulin; and calculation of the HOMA-IR and HOMA-%β. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was done 48 hours prior to killing the animals. Results: Glucose tolerance and islet β-cell function were most severely perturbed in the STZ-injected hyperglycaemic rats fed diets high in fructose or fat, as indicated by the significantly increased (p<0.05) HOMA-IR or decreased HOMA%β (p<0.05) at 30 or 60 days compared with the CTR, STZ or diet-only groups. Weekly blood glucose was most markedly and significantly (p<0.05) elevated in these same (STZ+diet) groups, with impaired OGTT. Conclusion: The profound impairment of glucose tolerance and β-cell function in the STZ-induced hyperglycaemic rats fed high-fat or high-fructose diet support the continued use of such models in the characterization of the molecular events associated with insulin resistance, and the testing of novel therapeutic interventions.
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    Distribution and cellular localization of KCC2 in the ferret neocortex
    (2018) Djankpa, Francis; Akinola, Oluwole Busayo; Juliano, Sharon L
    KCC2 (a brain-specific potassium-chloride cotransporter) affects development of the cerebral cortex, including aspects of neuronal migration and cellular maturation and differentiation. KCC2 also modulates chloride homeostasis by influencing the switch of GABA from depolarizing in young neurons to hyperpolarizing in mature neurons. We describe the expression pattern, regional distribution, and cellular colocalization of KCC2 in the ferret cortex in normal kits and those treated with methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM). We earlier developed a model of impaired cortical development by injecting MAM during mid-cortical gestation, which briefly interferes with neuronal production and additionally results in increased levels of KCC2 at P0. Using immunohistochemistry, we show a shift in KCC2 expression during development, being high in the subplate at P0, repositioning into a subtle laminar pattern in the neocortex at P7–P14, and becoming homogeneous at P35. KCC2 colocalizes with neuronal markers in the developing and mature cerebral cortex of normal ferrets and those treated with MAM, but shows a differential pattern of expression at different ages and locates in distinct cellular compartments during development. Subcellular localization shows that KCC2 predominantly situates in the membrane fraction of neocortical samples. These findings reveal that KCC2 colocalizes differentially with neurons and its expression pattern alters during development