Browsing by Author "Ajala, E.O."
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Item Biodiesel: Sustainable Energy Replacement to Petroleum-Based Diesel Fuel– A Review(ChemBioEng Reviews, 2(3): 145 -156. Published by Wiley Library. doi: 10.1002/cben.201400024. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cben.201400024/abstract, 2015) Ajala, E.O.; Aberuagba, F.; Odetoye, T. E.; Ajala, A. M.Biodiesel is a sustainable and renewable source of fuel. It has been considered as a comparable substitute to petro-diesel, which is a fast depleting resource. Many studies have been undertaken on biodiesel production from various feedstock as a result of its importance. The differences between the physico- chemical properties of biodiesel and petrodiesel were considered with the aim of justifying the applicability of biodiesel in compression ignition engines (CIE). It was established that biodiesel has relatively close BTE (brake thermal efficiency) and BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) values with petro-diesel, hence, is suitable for CIE operation without any modification. The exhaust from CIE using biodiesel was lower compared to petro-diesel and this confirms the environmental friendliness of biodiesel. The catalyst being an important substance in the transesterification reaction of vegetable oil/ animal fat to produce biodiesel was comprehensively discussed, and heterogeneous catalysts were established to be preferred due to several advantages over homogenous catalysts. This paper reviews biodiesel production, prospects, benefits and challenges as a replacement for petrol diesel.Item Chemical Engineering Discipline In: An Introduction to Engineering Disciplines(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria., 2019) Eletta, O.A.A.; Odetoye, T.E.; Ajala, E.O.COURSE SYNOPSIS Introduction to chemical engineering profession: Definition of chemical engineering. Specializations/ Options in chemical engineering. Use of various implements and equipment in chemical engineering for various operations/processes. Prospects and job opportunities in chemical engineering as a profession. Relevant regulatory bodies and societies in chemical engineering. The role of chemical engineers in advancement of humanity.Item Comparative analysis of physico-chemical properties of oil extract from two varieties of fluted pumpkin seeds using different extraction methods(Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology. Published by Kathmandu University of Science, Engineering and Technology, Dhulikhel Kavre PB No 6250 Kathmandu Nepal. Available online at https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/KUSET/article/view/21283, 2017) Sunmonu, M.O.; Ajala, E.O.; Odewole, M.M.; Morrison, S.; Alabi, A.M.This study investigates physical and chemical properties two seeds namely Ugba (Telfairia pedata) and Ugwu (Telfairia occidentalis) using soaking soxhlet methods of extraction. The physical properties examined are moisture content, ash content, crude protein, fat and oil, crude fibre and carbohydrates. The chemical properties examined are Acid value (mgKOH/g), saponification value, iodine value, free fatty acid, peroxide and refractive index. Higher mean values of moisture content, ash content, crude fibre and carbohydrates were noticed in Ugwu than in Ugba under soaking method. However, the trend was reversed for crude protein and free fatty acid, in whose case they appear to be higher in Ugba than in Ugwu. For soxhlet method, moisture content, ash content, crude fibre and carbohydrates seems to have higher mean values in Ugwu seed compared to when Ugba seed was used. However, crude protein and fat and oil content were higher using Ugba seed than Ugwu seed oil. For soaking method, Ugba seed seem to produce higher mean values of sap value, iodine value, and refractive index when compared with Ugwu seed. On the other Ugwu, seems to produce acid value, free fatty acid and peroxide value when compared with ugba for soaking method. Using soxhlet apparatus however, Ugba seed produces higher mean values for acid value, sap value, iodine value, and free fatty acid compared to Ugwu. The reverse was the case with peroxide and refractive index, still with soxhlet apparatus.Item Effect of storage environment and packaging media on the disease incidence and weight loss of stored African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum)(Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 2016) Sunmonu, M.O.,; Odewole, M.M.,; Obajemihi, O.I.; Ajala, E.O.A study was conducted to study the effect of storage environment and packaging media on the disease incidence and weight loss of stored African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum). Three storage environments were identified in this study namely- evaporative cooling basket, refrigerator and ambient storage and freshly harvested ripe African star apples were wrapped in perforated polythene, moist jute material and without packaging and stored under these three storage environment. The apples were observed for deteriorations mediated by microbial infection and insect infestation. Manifestation of infestation which affected the shelf-life of African Star Apple was delayed most in the refrigerator. The level of infestation of the apples stored in evaporative cooling basket was next to the refrigerator in the decreasing order. Weight losses were lower in apples wrapped with moist jute sack (0.48% ± 1.6) stored in refrigerator than those wrapped with perforated polythene (0.79% ± 1.2) and unwrapped (1.45% ±1.4). Similar wrapping effects were obtained in the evaporative cooling basket and ambient. Weight losses were lower in apples stored in refrigerator (0.91%) than in the evaporative cooling basket (2.84 %) and ambient shade (7.41 %).Item Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Breadfruit Starch: Case Study with Utilization for Gluconic Acid Production(Ife Journal of Technology, 2010) Betiku, E.; Ajala, E.O.Item Introduction to Chemical Engineering Discipline. In: An Introduction to Engineering Disciplines(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin in Unilorin Press, 2019) Eletta, O.A.A.,; Odetoye, T.E.; Ajala, E.O.Item Modeling and optimization of drying rate and quality parameters of dried osmo-pretreated green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)(Nigerian Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 2016) Odewole, M.M.; Ajala, E.O.; Obajemihi, O.I.; Adeyinka-Ajiboye, O.; Oyeniyi, S.K.A study on modeling and optimization of osmotic dehydration and drying of green bell pepper was carried out. Five levels of osmotic process durations (60 min, 90 min, 120 min, 150 min and 180 min) and five levels of osmotic solution concentrations (5% (w/w), 10% (w/w), 15% (w/w), 20% (w/w) and 25% (w/w) as input parameters were used. Design Expert 8.0.3 version was used to design the experiment in order to get all possible combinations of durations and concentrations. After pretreating all samples of fresh green pepper in hypertonic osmotic solution concentrations of NaCl for the required durations, they were all dried at 50˚C in a fabricated cabinet dryer. The following output parameters were modeled and optimized with Design Expert 8.0.3 version: drying rate, vitamin C, crude protein, crude fibre, fat, ash content, water loss, solid gain, shrinkage and rehydration ratio. Ten (10) model equations, one for each of the output parameters were developed, and checked for adequacy and validity. All developed model equations were found to present functional relationships between input and output parameters. Hence, all developed model equations can be used as reliable tools for estimating, predicting and conducting analysis of the process. Best optimized results were selected based on desirability (0 - 1). Drying rate (maximized), vitamin C (maximized), crude protein (maximized), crude fibre (maximized), fat (maximized), ash content (minimized), water loss (maximized), solid gain (maximized), shrinkage (minimized) and rehydration ratio (maximized) got desirability of 0.889, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 0.85, 0.734 and 0.868 respectively.Item Nutritional response of Okra to various packaging materials and chemical pickling agents(Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 2016) Sunmonu, M.O; Ajala, E.O.; Adebiyi, A.J.; Osuolale, A.L.The research is focused at determining the nutritional response of Okra when pickling is carried out using different antimicrobial liquids (vinegar, olive oil, and groundnut oil) and packaging materials (glass jar, plastic and stainless steel), as well as make a comparism when spices (garlic, ginger, mixture of garlic and ginger) are added as well as control (no treatment). The okra variety used was purchased from IITA (variety 47-4), based on NIHORT classification. Groundnut oil was extracted using a hydraulic press, and the physico-chemical properties of the groundnut oil was determined in the laboratory. The other antimicrobial liquids were purchased from a grocery store. The relative humidity and temperature of the storage environment was determined three times daily (8:00 a.m, 12:00 p.m, and 5:00 a.m.) for a period of 7 days. The nutritional content of okra such as crude fibre, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin C were determined at the end of the experiment. The mean result of crude fibre, calcium, vitamin C and vitamin A from okra samples after pickling showed that vitamin C of okra stored in stainless steel was significantly higher (36.06 mg/100g) than those of glass (35.02 mg/100g) and plastics (36.03 mg/100g).The mean calcium content of okra stored in plastic (80.730%) was significantly higher than those stored in glass (80.320%) and stainless steel (80.010%) respectively. Crude fibre of stored okra (3.24%) using groundnut oil was higher compared to when vinegar and olive oil were used respectively.Item Optimization of a two stage process for biodiesel production from shea butter using response surface methodology(Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 2017-12) Ajala, E.O.; Aberuagba, F.; Olaniyan, A.M.; Ajala, M.A.; Sunmonu, M.O.The challenges of biodiesel production from high free fatty acid (FFA) shea butter (SB) necessitated this study. The reduction of %FFA of SB by esterification and its subsequent utilization by transesterification for biodiesel production in a two stage process for optimization studies was investigated using response surface methodology based on a central composite design (CCD). Four operating conditions were investigated to reduce the %FFA of SB and increase the %yield of shea biodiesel (SBD). The operating conditions were temperature (40–60°C), agitation speed (200–1400 rpm), methanol (MeOH): oil mole ratio: 2:1–6:1 (w/w) for esterification and 4:1–8:1 (w/w) for transesterification and catalyst loading: 1–2% (H2SO4, (v/v) for esterification and KOH, (w/w) for transesterification. The significance of the parameters obtained in linear and non-linear form from the models were determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimal operating conditions that gave minimum FFA of 0.26% were 52.19°C, 200 rpm, 2:1 (w/w) and 1.5% (v/v), while those that gave maximum yield of 92.16% SBD were 40°C, 800 rpm, 7:1 (w/w) and 1% (w/w). The p-value of <0.0001 for each of the stages showed that the models were significant with R2 of 0.96 each. These results indicate the reproducibility of the models and showed that the RSM is suitable to optimize the esterification and transesterification of SB for SBD production. Therefore, RSM is a useful tool that can be employed in industrial scale production of SBD from high FFA SB.Item Optimization of a two-stage process for biodiesel production from shea butter using Response Surface Methodology(Egyptian Journal of Petroleum (EGYJP). Published by Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.11.005, 2017) Ajala, E.O.; Aberuagba, F.; Olaniyan, A.M.; Ajala, M.A.; Sunmonu, M.O.The challenges of biodiesel production from high free fatty acid (FFA) shea butter (SB) necessitated this study. The reduction of %FFA of SB by esterification and its subsequent utilization by transesterification for biodiesel production in a two stage process for optimization studies was investigated using response surface methodology based on a central composite design (CCD). Four operating conditions were investigated to reduce the %FFA of SB and increase the %yield of shea biodiesel (SBD). The operating conditions were temperature (40–60 C), agitation speed (200– 1400 rpm), methanol (MeOH): oil mole ratio: 2:1–6:1 (w/w) for esterification and 4:1–8:1 (w/w) for transesterification and catalyst loading: 1–2% (H2SO4, (v/v) for esterification and KOH, (w/w) for transesterification. The significance of the parameters obtained in linear and non-linear form from the models were determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimal operating conditions that gave minimum FFA of 0.26% were 52.19 C, 200 rpm, 2:1 (w/w) and 1.5% (v/v), while those that gave maximum yield of 92.16% SBD were 40 C, 800 rpm, 7:1 (w/w) and 1% (w/w). The p-value of <0.0001 for each of the stages showed that the models were significant with R2 of 0.96 each. These results indicate the reproducibility of the models and showed that the RSM is suitable to optimize the esterification and transesterification of SB for SBD production. Therefore, RSM is a useful tool that can be employed in industrial scale production of SBD from high FFA SB.Item Optimization of Breadfruit Hydrolysate Medium for Gluconic Acid Production by Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus niger(Faculty of Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 2011) Betiku, E.,; Ajala, E.O.; Layokun, S.K.Item Optimization of the Performance of a Vertical Screw Jack for Groundnut Oil Extraction(Centrepoint Journal (Science Edition), 2018) Odewole, M.M; Sunmonu, M.O.; Ajala, E.O.Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the oil seeds in the category of the second most valuable commodity in the world trade. One of the methods of extracting groundnut oil is with the use of mechanical device which offsets some of the problems of traditional and chemical methods of extraction. Most local processors of groundnut oil do not use to or do not know how to put into consideration processing factors/inputs (temperature, heating time, pressure, moisture content and so on) that can lead to better (optimum) oil extraction outputs. This situation is causing low oil yield and low extraction efficiency, high extraction loss and poor quality of oil even when machines are used for extraction. Therefore, this study used a vertical screw jack to extract groundnut oil and also optimize the oil extraction process with the use of Design Expert (8.0.3 version) computer software package. Three levels of temperature (50, 60 and 70oC) and two levels of heating time (5 and 10 min) were used to pretreat seeds in the extraction chamber of the vertical screw jack prior to oil extraction process. The extraction process were estimated for oil yield, extraction efficiency and extraction loss; and oil quality in terms of Free Fatty Acid (FFA), saponification value, acid value, refractive index and viscosity were analyzed. Results showed that, optimum oil yield (29.90%), extraction efficiency (48.12%) and extraction loss (4.23%) were achieved at temperatures and time of heating of 50, 50.21 and 70oC; and 10, 5.02 and 10 min respectively. Temperature of 50oC and time of heating of 10, $5.00 + 0.00 CPJ, 10, 10, 5 and 5 min gave optimum values of 3.38 mgKOH/g, 190.26 mgKOH/g, 6.74 mgKOH/g, 1.45 and 1.47 cm/s for FFA, saponification value, acid value, refractive index and viscosity respectively; whereas, optimum value of 5.06 was obtained for pH at temperature of 50.15oC and 9.98 min time of heating.Item Performance Evaluation and Emission Characterisation of Biodiesel from Shea Butter on Compression Ignition Engime(Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, 2020-02-20) Ajala, E.O.; Aberuagba, F.; Ajala, M.A; Ayanshola, A.M.Shea biodiesel (SBD) was produced and blended with diesel at various proportions to produce 100B (SBD), 75B, 50B, 25B, and D (diesel) as fuel types. The SBD and other fuel types were characterised by ASTM standard methods for its physicochemical properties. The fuel types were used in a compression ignition engine (CIE) to test for its fuel consumption, (FC) specific fuel consumption (SFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust temperature (ET) and emission characteristics hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The physicochemical properties of SBD in terms of density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, cloud and pour points, and cetane number were 884.7 kg/m3, 5.69 mm2/s, 165 oC, 12 oC, 9 oC and 55, respectively; while those of diesel were 860.4 kg/m3, 2.6 mm2/s, 73 oC, 2.4 oC, -9 oC and 49, respectively. The results were within the range of the standard. The results obtained at 12 Nm torque for SFC, FC, BTE, and ET for SBD were 0.21 kg/kW.h, 0.71 kg/h, 12.69%, and 365 oC, respectively, while those of diesel were 0.31 kg/kW.h, 1.12 kg/h, 8.46%, and 330 oC, respectively. These results show that the SBD and diesel possessed similarity in terms of performance. The SBD is environmentally friendly compared to diesel. This study shows that the SBD possessed quality alternative replacement to diesel suitable for a CIE.Item A Review of a Bioenergy Policy Implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities and Challenges- A Case of Nigeria, Ghana and Malawi(FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, Published by Faculty of Engineering, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria., 2019) Odetoye, T.E.,; Ajala, E.O.; Titiloye, J.O.In response to the global recognition of bioenergy as a significant source of renewable energy necessary for mitigating the global environmental challenge, the Governments of various African countries are starting to develop their economic and energy policies towards the adoption, development, production, and utilization of biomass for production of biofuel in some African communities. Although, Government’s role and policy have been identified as key factors for effective adoption of biomass energy, the implementation, its production, and utilization is not yet at fully blown stage in most countries of sub-Saharan African. Despite the challenges of non-competitive price of biofuel with fossil fuel and threat of electronic vehicle induced biofuel demand decrease, biofuel has potentials for alternative uses worthy of consideration in African countries. This paper reviews the current developments in adopting biofuel production and utilization in some sub-Saharan African countries, identifying the causes of being at the early stage, despite the enormous potential. This paper also recommends a strategy for achieving a relatively rapid outcome in bioenergy policy implementation in sub-Saharan African.Item A Review of Bioenergy Policy Implementation in Ghana, Malawi and Nigeria(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Federal University of Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria., 2019) Odetoye, T.E.; Ajala, E.O.; Titiloye, , J.O.In response to the global recognition of bioenergy as a significant source of renewable energy necessary for mitigating the global environmental challenge, the Governments of various African countries are starting to develop their economic and energy policies towards the adoption, development, production, and utilization of biomass for production of biofuel in some African communities. Although, Government’s role and policy have been identified as key factors for effective adoption of biomass energy, the implementation, its production, and utilization is not yet at fully blown stage in most countries of sub-Saharan African. This paper attempts to assess the current developments in adopting biofuel production and utilization in some sub-Saharan African countries, identifying the causes of being at the early stage, despite the enormous potential. This paper also recommends a strategy for achieving a relatively rapid outcome in bioenergy policy implementation in sub-Saharan African.Item A Review of Biofuels Research in Nigeria(Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria., 2019) Odetoye, T.E.; Ajala, E.O.; Ogunniyi, D.S.Biofuels are attracting a lot of research attention as a source of renewable energy due to environmental benefits and prospects of energy security. The expectation of the global community is particularly high towards Sub-Saharan African countries like Nigeria to meet the growing bioenergy needs by harnessing the abundant supply of biomass feedstock. However, lack of home-grown technology has been one of the major drawbacks of biofuel industrialization in Nigeria. Although a reasonable amount of biofuel research effort has been embarked on locally in Nigeria, most of these research works have remained on the shelf instead of being translated into commercial production. This paper reviews some biofuel research work done on Nigerian biomass. It recommends that funding the existing and new biofuel research work in Nigeria and channeling research towards industrialization as important drivers towards biofuel production in Nigeria.Item Thermal modification of chicken eggshell as heterogeneous catalyst for palm kernel biodiesel production in an optimization process(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020-02-04) Ajala, E.O.; Ajala, M.A.; Odetoye, T.E.; Aderibigbe, F.; Osanyinpeju, H; Ayanshola, A.M.Synthesis of the heterogeneous chicken eggshell catalyst (CEC) using thermal treatment at temperatures of 800 °C (CEC800) and 900 °C (CEC900) for palm kernel biodiesel (PBD) production was undertaken. The morphology, chemical composition, and surface area of the catalysts were determined. Catalyst’s efficiency in the production of biodiesel frompalmkernel oil was studied using a definitive screening design of optimization technique. The optimization parameters investigated were calcination temperature, catalyst quantity, methanol:oil molar ratio, and reaction time. The stability of the catalyst after the 5th cycle of repeated usage was studied. The CEC900 contained the highest chemical composition of 32.36% (wt) calcium with the morphology of highly porous, uniformly distributed spherical shape, with no agglomeration.A surface area of 120.4m2/g and a smaller pore size of 1.324 nmwere obtained fromthe CEC900. The optimal operating parameters of 4% (w/w) catalyst quantity, 10:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, 50 °C reaction temperature, 1 h reaction time, and 900 °C calcination temperature were obtained to yield optimum biodiesel of 97.10%. Qualitative characterization confirmed that the CEC900 is suitable to produce quality PBD of ASTM standard. Reduction in the catalytic activity of 6% PBD was noticed in the 5th cycle. Therefore, thermal-modified CEC is a suitable and low-cost catalyst for biodiesel production.