Browsing by Author "Adepoju, T.F."

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
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    Appraisal of CaO derived from waste fermented-unfermented kola nut pod for fatty acid methylester (FAME) synthesis from Butyrospermum parkii (Shea butter) oil
    (Elsevier, 2020-07-01) Adepoju, T.F.; Ibeh, M.A.; Babatunde, E.O.; Asuquo, A.J.; Abegunde, G.S.
    Fatty acid methylester (FAME) synthesis from Butyrospermum parkii (Shea butter) oil using a CaO derived catalyst derived from waste kola nut pod as a heterogeneous catalyst was examined in this study. Due to the high free fatty acid of the oil, the oil was first esterified with acidic catalyst before transesterified with CaO. In both reactions, response surface methodology was used to model and optimized the reaction conditions. The rendering method adopted produced oil with low viscosity and density. Based on ANOVA, the effect of reaction time, catalyst amount, and methanol/oil molar ratio on acid value reduction were significant. The high free fatty acid of 10.76 mg KOH/g oil was reduced significantly to 0.37 mg KOH/ g oil via statistical optimization in seventeen experimental runs. Submerged fermentation of waste kola nut pod before thermal treatment of the powder increased the calcium and potassium content of the catalyst. Decreased in catalyst reusability was noticed in the 4th and 5th cycles. The optimum reaction conditions ensuring the best FAME content of 95.30 (wt. %) are found to be catalyst amount of 2.5 wt.%, the reaction time of 55 min, reaction temperature of 50 °C, and methanol/oil molar ratio of 5:1 (ml/ml). The produced FAME quality is within the biodiesel standard (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214).
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    Datasets on process transesterification of binary blend of oil for fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) synthesized via the ethanolysis of heterogeneous doped catalyst
    (Elsevier, 2020-08-01) Adepoju, T.F.; Ibeh, M.A.; Babatunde, E.O.; Abegunde, G.S.; Adepoju, P.O.; Asquo, A.J.; Osueke, C.O.
    The data employed the blend of waste used oil and beef tallow for the synthesis of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) via ethanolysis of developed catalyst from calcined fermented cocoa pod husk powder (CFCPHP) doped with burnt cocoa pod husk powder (BCHP). Characterization of the developed doped catalyst (DDC) was carried out using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and BET adsorption analysis, while the basic strength of the DDC was tested through reusability test data. Mathemati- cal optimization of the process condition was carried out through Box-Behnken Experimental Design (BBED) in 29 runs with variations in four variables as catalyst concentration (1.5 to 3.5 wt.%), reaction time (60 to 100 min), ethanol/oil molar ratio (EtOH/OMR) of 3 to 7, and reaction temperature (60 to 80 °C). The FAEE quality was ascertained by determining its fuel properties.
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    Methanolysis of CaO based catalyst derived from egg shell-snail shell-wood ash mixed for fatty acid methylester (FAME) synthesis from a ternary mixture of Irvingia gabonensis -Pentaclethra macrophylla - Elais guineensis oil blend: An application of simplex lattice and central composite design optimization
    (Fuel, 2020-09-01) Adepoju, T.F.; Ibeh, M.A.; Babatunde, E.O.; Asquo, A.J.
    Considering the large number of wastes produced as wood ash, snail and eggshells around the globe, CaO based catalyst was derived from the thermal treatment of carbon carbonate obtained from the mixture of these wastes for methanolysis synthesis of FAME from the ternary mixture (33:33:34) of Irvingia gabonensis, Pentaclethra macrophylla, and Elais guineensis oil was carried out in this study. Calcined blend catalyst (CBC) was well characterized by SEM, EDX-ray, FTIR and BET analysis. The strength of the basicity of the catalyst was tested by catalyst recyclability via methanolysis of CaO transesterification of ternary blend oil to FAME. Results showed a maximum FAME yield of 98.00 (wt%) with the statistical optimization prediction of 97.33 (wt%) at a reaction time of 64.71 min, catalyst amount of 4.5 wt%, reaction temperature of 61.61 °C, and methanol/oil molar ratio of 8:1 (ml/ml), the predicted value was validated in triplicate to obtain an average FAME of 97.22 (wt%). Catalyst reusability was stopped at the 3rd cycle due to decrease in it activity. Statistical optimization through analysis of variance further confirmed the remarkable significant effects of the independent variables with pvalue < 0.0001. Physicochemical properties of the FAME conformed with biodiesel recommended standard. Results also show that the CaCO3 contained in the mixture of wood ash, snail and eggshells is a promising source for CaO catalyst production for industrial application.
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    Quaternary blend of Carica papaya - Citrus sinesis - Hibiscus sabdariffa - Waste used oil for biodiesel synthesis using CaO-based catalyst derived from binary mix of Lattorina littorea and Mactra coralline shell
    (Elsevier, 2021-06-01) Adepoju, T.F.; Ibeh, M.A.; Babatunde, E.O.; Udoetuk, E.N
    These studies focuses on synthesizing of an efficient CaO-based-catalyst derived from the binary mixture of Lattorina littorea (periwinkles shell) and Mactra coralline (seashell), and apply it to transesterification of a quaternary mix of Carica papaya - Citrus sinesis- Hibiscus sabdariffa- Waste used. Details characterization of the developed catalyst was carried out using SEM, FTIR, and XRD to establish its catalytic potential. Process parameters optimization for the transesterification process was carried out to determine the optimum yield of biodiesel from oil blend. Lattorina littorea and Mactra coralline were made into powder by milling after drying, the powdered were mixed in the same ratio to obtain a developed catalyst before characterization. Oil was extracted from Carica papaya, Citrus sinesis, Hibiscus sabdariffa seed powder through solvent extraction method, the extracted oil was mixed in quaternary ratio with waste used oil, the properties of the mixed oil was determined before the transesterification with ethanol. Process optimization was carried using response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD) by considering four independent variables (reaction time, derived calcined catalyst powder (DCCP) amount, reaction temperature, and EtOH/OMR). The catalyst recyclability test was carried out, and the biodiesel quality was determined through physicochemical properties. The results showed 25:25:25:25 quaternary blend produced oil with low viscous and high volatility. Thermal treatment of a developed catalyst (DP) from Lattorina littorea mix with Mactra coralline, at 900 C for 3 h produced CaO of 99.02 (% wt.) on XRD analysis result. The produced catalyst developed was re-used up to 3ecycles for base transesterification. The maximum experimental yield of 99.95 (% wt.) at a reaction time of 60 min, DCCP amount of 3.0 (g), reaction temperature of 70 C, and EtOH/OMR of 6:1 (ml/ml), was obtained, but the statistical optimization predicted biodiesel yield of 99.8044 (wt. %) at a reaction time of 57.72 min, DCCP amount of 3.0 (g), reaction temperature of 69.54 C, and EtOH/OMR of 6:1 (ml/ml), this yield was validated in triplicate and an average biodiesel yield of 99.7800 (%wt.) was obtained. Analysis of variance and the p-value showed that the selected variable factors were remarkably significant (p-value<0.0001). Based on fit statistics and model comparison statistics, the coefficient of determination (R squared) of 99.84% was obtained with the predicted R2 of 99.06 in reasonable agreement with the adjusted R2 of 99.68. The quality of biodiesel produced was within the specification limits of biodiesel standard.