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{\title JOURNAL OF NIGERIA ASSOCIATION FOR PHYSICAL, HEALTH EDUCATION, RECREATION, SPORTS AND DANCE }{\author Kunle Oyeniyi}{\operator Akinsipe}{\creatim\yr2010\mo11\dy12\hr12\min57}{\revtim\yr2017\mo4\dy19\hr12\min50}{\version4}{\edmins3}{\nofpages9}
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs30 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs30\insrsid7815754\charrsid7815754 
JOURNAL OF NIGERIA ASSOCIATION FOR PHYSICAL, HEALTH EDUCATION, RECREATION, SPORTS AND DANCE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs30 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs30\insrsid12849733\charrsid7815754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs30 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs30\insrsid7815754 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs30 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs30\insrsid7815754\charrsid7815754 
\par JONAPHER.SD
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs30 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs30\insrsid7815754 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs30 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs30\insrsid7815754\charrsid7815754 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par VOL. 3 NO.1 2006
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7815754\charrsid7815754 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7815754 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7815754\charrsid7815754 
This journal (JONAPHER.SD) is a bi-annual publication; published by Nigeria Association for Physical, Health Education, Recreation, Sports and Dance, as its official academic journal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7815754 
\par \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10373208 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10373208 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10373208\charrsid10373208 THE SPORT IN DANCE AND THE DANCE IN SPORT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7815754\charrsid10373208 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10373208\charrsid10373208 
\par 
\par 
\par BY
\par 
\par FELIX A. AKINSIPE
\par 
\par DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND DRAMA, 
\par AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par THE SPORT IN DANCE AND THE DANCE IN SPORT 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10373208 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10373208 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8998403\charrsid8998403 ABSTRACT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid10373208\charrsid8998403 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8998403 \tab The name of this association, for instance, used to be Nigerian Association }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16328353 
for Physica, Health Education and Recreation. Now, it has changed to Nigerian Association for Physical, Health Education Recreation, Sport and Dance (NAPHER-SD). This in
clusion speaks volumes and constitutes the major motivation for this paper. The sudden change is a pointer to the fact that sports and dance are becoming more and more related and this fact is being acknowledged by everybody. More that before sports and d
a
nce are becoming inseparable, as well as their practice. There are many sporting activities that can easily and in fact, are usually misconstrued for dance. So also are some dance activities that are very much like sport in appearance. The rate at which s
port and dance intermingle in all sphere calls for more attention and study. The aim of this paper therefore, is to highlight those keen relationships to provoke more attention and study in this direction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8998403 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9197448 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9197448\charrsid9197448 INTRODUCTION
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9197448 \tab 
In our contemporary time, the little difference between sport and dance is fast fading out. Sport and dance are becoming more and more interwoven in practice and function that should attract the attention of scholars and practitioners. Although there are 
supposed to be some differences between the two, they have too many things in common that are making them easily interchangeable. These common features are fast }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9592928 
overriding and eroding the little differences that they might have between them. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9197448 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13520784 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13520784 There are so m
any activities that qualify as sport and at the same time, as dance. There sporting events that are generally believed to be dance because of the way and manner they are carried out. Also, there are many characteristics of sport in the practice of dance. 
M
any dancers also engage in sports while it has become a common phenomenon for good athletes to engage in dance to enhance and maintain their fitness. This is the case with Alvin Ailey, the great modern dance expert, who started his career as a physical ed
ucation student and ended up switching to dance along the line. 
\par Taking to sports by dancers also help them to keep their bodies in shape and in tune. Frank, (1976:25) captures this situation thus:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid13520784 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13520784 Ballet training enables the dancer to master other kinds of
 movements with ease. Today even athletes are taking up ballet training because this kind of training helps them improve the standards of their performance on the fields. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13520784 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13520784 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13520784 \tab Just as taking part in dance will help the sportsman, taking part in sports had ass
isted many people, including the writer, to take to dancing. In our country, Nigeria, where dance is not taught at all in the pre-tertiary institution, only those who have been in sports are able to cope when dance courses are suddenly introduced to them 
a
t the tertiary level. Thus, sport and dance are highly relevant to each other, in many aspects. The appearance of some sports look very much like dance while some dance activities are not really distinguishable from sport. Let us now attempt to discuss so
me of these activities that could go for sport, as well as dance. 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13520784 AEROBICS:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13520784 
 Perhaps this event is better described as a combination of sport and dance. It is an event that can easily go for sport or dance. It is a kind of physical exercises that are meant
 to correct some anomalies in the body and restore sound health, wellness and fitness. A visit to any aerobics class will however reveal that it not different from a dance class. This is well noted in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13520784 Cassell Concise English Dictionary, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13520784 which defines aerobics as
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2902254 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2902254 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12539779\charrsid12539779 
A system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10230481  of exercises consisting of routines of rhythmic dance-like movement and stretches, usually performed to music (1989:20)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2902254 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13520784 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2902254 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2902254 
Aerobics is more sport that dance but it makes use of movement like dance to do what dance therapy also does. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2902254 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2902254 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6710225 GYMNASTICS:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6710225  This is another sporting event that is executed \'93dance-like movements\'94
. A typical gymnastic display can very much go for a dance performance. Like what goes on during a given display tumbling and acrobatic feats are major part of dance, for ins
tance, in the Eastern part of Nigeria. Everything that takes place as gymnastics can be called dance if undertaken by dancers. So, it is an event that is not too far from both. 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6710225 CALLISTHENTICS:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6710225  A common feature at the beginning and sometimes the intervals
 of a sport is also an art that depend largely on the use of dance-like movements to reach its objectives. No doubt some of the actions during a callisthenic display can be well classified as dance or mime-another component of dance. The calisthenics aim 
at presenting shapes, colours and beauty, which are also part of the aims of any given dance performance. 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6710225\charrsid6710225 SWIMMING}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6710225 : Another }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2717778 
sporting event that looks so much as dancing. The actions, methods and movements of the swimmers in the water, are typical of dance
 movements. These actions are very much comparable with some ballet movements only that the latter takes place on the floor/stage. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6710225 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2717778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2717778 BOXING:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2717778  As far in motive as boxing is to dance, boxers\rquote  actions on the ring can qualify as dance. It will not be an oversta
tement to say boxers do a lot of dancing the ring. The foot works, the bouncing and the going round and round constitute a lot of similarities to dance. Of course dancers do present fight scenes in their performances. We also have war dances abound in man
y communities over the world. 
\par \tab All the above refer to some of the sporting events that appear like dance in practices, which many people may not even know that they are sports; they might have accepted them to be dance. However, we shall }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10379726 
\par \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2717778 now go on to examine more highly inseparable links between sport and dance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5061866 
as it relates to the nature and their fundamentals under the following major headings. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2717778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5061866 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5061866\charrsid5061866 PURPOSE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5061866 
\par \tab What }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7760939 is under examination here is the motif behind sports and dance. Are there relevancies and simi
larities in the reason why people engage in sport or dance? Dance is basically an art, and the main purpose of arts is communication. Dance in fact has been recognized as perhaps the most expressive of the art forms. This is why dance is defined as}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5061866 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid7760939 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7760939 The art
 of moving the body in a rhythmical way to express an emotion or idea, to narrate a story, or simply to take delight in the movement itself. Edwards (1984:10)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7760939 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2902254 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7760939 \tab So}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12337543 , \'93movement of the body\'94 and 
\'93expression\'94 is essential qualities dance must exhibit. What is 
communicated in dance is usually meant for the audiences consumption. The purpose of sports on the other hand, is more of competition. Today, following in the trend of sports, dance is becoming highly competitive. Even in a common dance between two people
 
there is always the hidden intention to outshine our partner or not to allow the other person to beat us. In the larger communities and at the different festivals where dance form various tribes, cultures continents come together, awards are being given t
o the best group thus fanning off competitions. Dance and dancing today has become almost as competitive as sports, even though competition may not be its focus or boldly written. In this wise also, dance has linked up with the sports. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7760939 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12337543 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12337543 It will not be wrong
 to say that sports are also performed for some purposes other than competition. In going about their sports, the need to impress or express had arisen. More than often we see sportsmen who express some skills and abilities before their fans/spectators. T
here\rquote re a lot of friendly matches that is organized nowadays for purpose far from only competitions. 
\par In the purpose of recreation, relaxation and entertainment, sport and dance share a great deal. Many people watch or take part in sport or dance for recrea
tional and relaxation purpose. Hence, we have novelty matches organized here and there for the fun of it. Another area of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid347581 \page 
convergence in sports and dance is their use for physical fitness, health and wellness as has been discussed above. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12337543 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid347581 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid347581\charrsid7760939 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13520784 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5333547\charrsid5333547 PREPARATION }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid2902254\charrsid5333547 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5333547 \tab 
Here, we are going to consider the behind the scene activities before a sporting activity and dance. It will be noted that none of these events just happen in a day or by accident. A lot of preparations go into sport as well as dance. A very tight link is
 
also established here. Any one or group (of players or dancers) that wants to succeed in his art must prepare adequately. What we see of the athletes or the dancers are actually a product of long days of practice or rehearsal as the case may be. Again, it
 is discovered that just as the sportsmen spend days in training so also the dancers spend days in rehearsals before their performance. Preparation is thus paramount to both. 
\par \tab In preparation too, exercises is also common to both sport and dance. For instan
ce, warm ups are necessary to both and they need to take some regular form of exercises to be able to cope with the rigours of their work and be in good shape for the performance. Physical exercise is an inevitable routine of sportsmen and dancers. Althou
gh, Cohan, (1986:12) tried to distinguish between dance and sport exercises when he posits that one \'93should not develop large thighs or big arm muscles from dance work\'94 but he could not but conclude that \'93
taking dance exercise does not mean that the physical shape will not change\'94. So both the sport and dance exercises can build the body. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5333547 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5333547 
Another common feature of sport and dance at the preparatory level is the need for a trainer \endash  a coach for sport and choreographer for dance. All sports are practiced unde
r the tutelage and supervisions of a coach the same way dance is designed or created and taught by a choreographer. The role of a \'93trainer\'94
 in sport and dance cannot be over emphasized and this constitutes another common factor in the interrelationship of sports and dance. 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5333547 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5333547\charrsid5333547 PERFORMANCE
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5333547 \tab 
By performance, we are going to discuss the relationship of sport and dance in their actual presentation. In the area of performance, it is common feature for sports and dance to take place before paying or non-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3620309 
\par \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5333547 paying people }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448915 \endash 
 spectators for sports and audience for dance. The element of a dance production is not complete without the audience. This is fast becoming the order of the day in sports too as huge amount of money is invested on organizing a standby supporter\rquote 
 club or fans to accompany sportsmen to every competition even outside their local domain. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5333547 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448915 \tab Although the traditional arena for dance performances is the stage, it is coming and becoming prominent on the fields nowadays. The supporters of a football team do com
mon, if not a mandatory occurrence at the opening of national or international sports festivals. A lot of money, energy and time are spent to present enviable and elaborate dances at the opening and closing ceremonies of world or national sport festivals.
 Most often too, the parades by the participating teams at these opening ceremonies are made with dancing and drumming. Thus dance has joined to become an integral part of sporting activities at this level. 
\par \tab The symbiotic relationship between sports and dance at the performance level, is also evident in the use of the performer\rquote 
s body is the major vehicle/instrument. Even though, sports like football makes use of the ball, and table tennis the table, egg and bat, the player}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15089260  is actually the brain behind any 
success or failure recorded. The skill of the player is essentially what makes these sports to happen. These kinds of sports still largely depend on the sense of judgment, decision, concentration and ability of the player. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1448915 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15089260 \tab These are also qualities that the dancer must exhibit to be successful in his art. So, like in boxing, wrestling, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid862892 
gymnastics, high/long jumps, swimming and athletes, the body of the sportsman is directly in use as the case with a dancer whose body is the instrument of his trade. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15089260 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid862892 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid862892\charrsid862892 COMPONENTS
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid862892 \tab By component we mean what constitute the sport or the dance itself, that is, the basic elements of sport and dance. Here too we are going to see that sport and dance again share a lot in common. 
\par \tab Movement is perhaps the major factor that makes sports and dance inseparable. Movement is so paramount to both that without it they would not have existed. Every definition of dance will describe it as a \'93movement\'85\'94
 There is no sport also that can be separated from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036199 movement. Movement connotes motor activity, continuous moving and state of not being stationary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid862892 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036199 \tab Movement is the language and the beauty of dance. A dance piece is understood purely upon the use of relevant movement. The same way, correct movement at the right time gives beauty and excellence to 
sport. In other words one can conclude that movement is the basics of sport and dance. It is worth noting that both sports and dance share the following movement vocabularies in common; jumping, running, walking, twisting, lunging, leaping, turning, jerki
ng, crawling, climbing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934803 , tumbling, diving, pulling, swinging, dodging, pushing, skipping, bending, stretching, falling and rising. The list is endless. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036199 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934803 \tab It is a common sight to see a long jump combine a lot of these in the course of his action. He stretches
, lunges, twists, runs and takes some leaps before taking the actual jump. All these are also present in any given dance. 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7934803\charrsid7934803 CONCLUSION 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934803 \tab From all the discussion about, it is obvious that sports and dance are becoming fussed daily}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11340907 . It is however pertinent t
hat in Nigeria today sports and dance are studies apart. There is no consideration yet for studying the two may be under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12588412 
 the same department for instance. To date, there is no single department of dance in existence in Nigeria. In the various Physical Educ
ation departments we have are there provisions for dance in the syllabus? This is where I think the discourse should start. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934803 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12588412 \tab Sport and dance have too much in common that studying them together must be considered. After all Singer, (1976: 40) says:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid13186625 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12588412 Physical education is a program in which skills used in sports, dance }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8336270 and exercise acti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13186625 vities are taught and practiced in a situation designed for learning. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12588412 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5333547 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13186625 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5783657 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5783657\charrsid5783657 REFERENCES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13186625\charrsid5783657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14096043 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14096043 Cohan, R. (1986). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14096043 
Dance Workshop: A Guide to the Fundamentals of Movement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14096043 . New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc.
\par 
\par Edwards, B.H. (1984). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14096043 Shall We Dance. Dance and Drama in Worship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14096043 . England: Evangelical Press. 
\par 
\par Frank, A.H. cited in Oko-Offoboche, E. (1996). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14096043 ABC of Dance Arts,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14096043 . Calabar: Uptiko Press. 
\par 
\par Singer, R.N. (1976). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14096043 Physical Education Foundations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14096043 . New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14096043\charrsid14096043 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14096043  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14096043\charrsid14096043 CASSELL Concise English Dictionary (1989)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14096043  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13713741 Kirkpatric Betty (ed.) London: Cassell Publications Limited. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5783657\charrsid13713741 
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